Anglo-Saxon Ideal Code of Conduct :: Beowulf Epic Poems Anglo-Saxon Literature Essays

Old English Saxon Ideal Code of Conduct The epic sonnet of â€Å"Beowulf† presents the qualities of two legends, Beowulf and Hrothgar. During this Anglo-Saxon timespan, Hrothgar governs as the ruler of his Danish terrains. In any case, this ruler faces numerous issues due to the unsettling influences of a beast known as Grendel. As an Anglo-Saxon warrior of the time, Beowulf knows about this animal and excursions through the legend's way to slaughter Grendel. Through this excursion, Hrothgar and Beowulf recreate the code of lead of a perfect Anglo-Saxon lord and warrior. The Danish terrains of the time are governed by Hrothgar, a regarded and liberal lord. These characteristics of character were respected by the individuals of his time and spot. All individuals of Hrothgar's realm regarded this lord, and they every acknowledged greetings â€Å"very word far and wide as a command.† The individuals additionally give him incredible titles, for example, the â€Å"Lord of the Mighty Danes,† â€Å"guardian of the Scyldings,† and â€Å"protector of warriors.† Much of these individuals' regard come in reaction to Hrothgar's liberality to everybody. This liberality can be seen towards Beowulf, when the lord gives his a debt of gratitude is in order for the brave deeds of the warrior. Hrothgar rewards Beowulf with inestimable material as he says to the warrior, â€Å"You will do not have no natural wealth I can offer you.† The individuals of the land additionally trust their ruler, who holds a solid faith in God. In the scene where Hrothgar observes Grendel's demise, he holds the beasts hand as he says, â€Å"Let us express appreciation on the double to God Almighty for this sight.† The supporters of the lord both regard and trust their ruler, and through his liberality and solid trust in great, Hrothgar shows the perfect set of principles for an Anglo- Saxon lord. Another epic legend that has characteristics that follow the Anglo-Saxon code of lead is Beowulf. This warrior, known to be the â€Å"strongest man alive,† leaves for a gallant excursion when he knows about the malice Grendel. He first shows his quality and boldness when he heads out to help Hrothgar in vanquishing Grendel in the wake of hearing updates on the animal in his own property. Beowulf is continually alluded to as daring, for example, when he vanquishes Grendel, and Hrothgar must reward him for his heroics. As the â€Å"brave man pushed ahead until he stood right away before the Danish lord,† Hrothgar says, â€Å"I will remunerate this daring man with treasures.† The superb quality of Beowulf appears during his showdown with Grendel, when the beast in a split second understands that â€Å"never had he met any man

Management of Info Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The board of Info Systems - Essay Example This has additionally expanded my interest in natural issues and specifically the UAE pattern to getting green (non, 1990). The point of this investigation is additionally to sharpen financial specialists and the overall population on this new pattern who will likewise be the recipients of the venture. The normal result of this undertaking is to sharpen people and associations on the greening activities and give them methods of adding to these activities. The United Arabs Emirates has begun its excursion to become environmentally viable through numerous activities. Among the activity is the dispatch of â€Å"A green economy for feasible development† by His Highness Shaikh Mohammed container Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Vice-President of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai in the year 2012 (Khaleg Times, 2013). UAE points turning into a model of the new green economy so as to safeguard the earth for people in the future and so as to improve the advancement of the nation. A portion of the progression done in the UAE incorporate; the creation sustainable power source and related innovations that will advance the utilization of clean fuel for vitality creation; working of green city which targets concocting arrangements that raise the productivity of structures and lodging; and empowering a green life against wastage (LOW, 2012). The general target of this venture is to add to the world’s objective of making strides toward environmental friendliness. This general target can be separated to five increasingly explicit destinations as research addresses that would together assistance in accomplishing the general objective of this venture. Where conceivable, survey containing shut finished inquiries will be offered haphazardly to person. I will build up the survey with the direction of the teacher who will audit and endorse the poll. This survey and endorsement is vital in light of the fact that the polls need to give a decent image of the foundation. The proposed examination bunch is twenty individuals. This strategy will build the consistency of information gathered which is

The 13 Books Im Saving for My Daughter

The 13 Books Im Saving for My Daughter Obviously, I hope my daughter someday loves every single book I also love. That way, I can look forward to a future in which we sit around in our matching cat slippers and fleece pajama pants while braiding each others hair and debating the relative merits of psychological horror versus supernatural horror. In reality, I know my daughter will develop her own interests, wholly distinct from mine. How else to  explain her obsession with  poop-themed picture books and her enjoyment of the outdoors? Still, there are some books I read and enjoy  and immediately think: Emily will love this someday. Or: Emily will  need  this. For the moment, Em is at the stage (2 and a half) where shes still merely memorizing all the words to  The Saddest Toilet in the World,  rather than actually reading them. But in preparation for the day when she no longer needs me to read aloud to her, Im stockpiling the following books: Dana Simpsons Phoebe and Her Unicorn. I was charmed by this comic about a young girl and her best friend: a magical unicorn named Marigold Heavenly Nostrils (teehee). Like Calvin Hobbes, but with an infusion of girl power, Simpsons comic tackled loneliness and blooming friendship in a way that gave me the warm fuzzies when it wasnt making me snort laughter. Noelle Stevenson and Grace Elliss Lumberjanes.  Of course, Phoebe is merely the precursor to my true obsession. I am madly  in love with Lumberjanes,  a middle grade comic about a group of BFFs  battling supernatural beings at a summer camp vaguely reminiscent of the one I attended as a Girl Scout. Im saving every single volumeâ€"about friendship and loyalty and kicking assâ€"for my future warrior. Michael Endes  The Neverending Story.  Before I started reading horror and only horror, and before my parents started worrying that their daughter was a bit morbid, my favorite childhood book was  The Neverending Story. For one, its a book about a bookâ€"irresistible for a book nerd. For another, its epic tale of  bravery and the magic of imagination was one I couldnt help coming back to again and again. I saw myself in Endes lonely, bullied, bookish young narrator, and it was wildly gratifying to see his growth throughout the course of the book. Sandra Cisneross  The House on Mango Street.  Endes book was all plot, but Cisneross writing is pure poetry. It came into my life at the perfect time for a young girl who was growing to love words, and gave me a window into the life of someone whose day-to-day looked very different from my own. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies  Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions.  This letterâ€"which is being released as a book this coming Marchâ€"was initially a response to a friend who wondered how to raise her baby girl as a feminist. The suggestions Adichie came up with are pure brilliance, and the perfect road map for any mother / daughter duo to follow on the way to full-fledged womanhood. Alida Nugents  You Dont Have to Like Me.  I mentioned in a previous post that this book reminded me of my own feminism primer back in the day, Jessica Valentis  Full Frontal Feminism.  Obviously, I plan to pass it along to my daughter. Roxane Gays  Bad Feminist.  And since were on a roll with essential feminist texts, she just  has  to read the book that made me feel better about  being an imperfect feminist. I first claimed the identity of feminist for myself when I was 22. Then, over time, I started to suspect I was too flawed to be a  true  feminist. Gays essay collection has helped me reclaim feminism at a time when womens rights are facing a devolution. Cheryl Strayeds  Tiny Beautiful Things.  This is the book I gift to every woman in my life. And Em is the most important woman in my life (and also the most adorable). I find that this book is the perfect balm when Im going through a rough patch. It imparts both perspective and wisdom. Heather Corinnas  S.E.X.  You may have noticed in past posts of mine that Im a huge proponent of sex ed from an early age. When Em has graduated from the board books, Ill pass along this book from the founder of Scarleteen for her to read in her own time. Laurie Halse Andersons  Speak.  And because fiction can also impart important lessons, Ill also suggest  Speak.  I read this one at the end of 2016.  It’s a YA about a year in the life of a teenage girl who is sinking under the weight of a big, terrible secret: her rape at the hands of a high school senior the summer before. This book was gripping and true and heartbreaking and insightful, and the narrator is exactly who Id want my daughter to be going on this journey with. Claudia Rankines  Citizen.  I waited far too long to read Rankines much-lauded prose poem about experienced racism in our culture. I wont let Em make the same mistake. Isabella Rotmans  Not on My Watch.  This comic artist regularly does artistic collaborations with Scarleteen. But I actually learned about her myself when I interviewed Erika Moen of  Oh Joy, Sex Toy.  This slim graphic manual is the perfect how-to on consent and responsible bystander-ship. Jolie Kerrs My Boyfriend Barfed in My Handbag and Other Things You Cant Ask Martha.  Finally, in the event Emily ever moves out (a reality thats difficult to imagine at a time when Im counting down the days til we send her to preschool) shell need this. Because she certainly wont learn how to clean from me. Im useless in that department. At least Im teaching her how to cook. And to read, for that matter.

Love As A Goal And An Obstacle - 2347 Words

Love is an obstacle that people face and must overcome rather than a goal people strive towards. Compare and contrast the presentation of love as a goal and an obstacle in the texts ‘Candide’ and ‘The Alchemist’. Both texts depict specific theories about the stance love takes in our lives - in Candide, the 18th century novel written by the French historian and philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, Voltaire, love is presented as the ultimate goal, however also the reason for the occurrence of Candide’s arduous endeavours, made sweet with the constant droning of the mantra ‘all is for the best’. While Candide suffers hardships throughout his journey to reclaim the love he had with his beloved Cunà ©gonde, he refrains from thinking or believing love to be an obstacle in his life. However in The Alchemist the 1988 novel written by Brazilian author Paulo Coelho, love is portrayed to be, as thought by young Santiago, a restrictive force stopping one from pursuing his/her ‘personal legend’. However, love is also portrayed to be a personal goal of the protagonist - which creates a peculiar paradox in which the reader must decide which of the portrayals of love out weighs the other in truth. While in pursuit of his ‘personal legend’, Santiago assumes that his love for Fatima is indeed an obstacle that he must overcome in order to continue pursuing his destiny – and so leaves the woman of the desert for the desert. Candide fails to let go of his love for Cunà ©gonde while SantiagoShow MoreRelatedPersonal Vision Statement : My Vision1508 Words   |  7 PagesThis vision and mission will help determine the steps I need to take now in order to become the type of leader that others will follow. Next, I discuss those internal and external obstacles which may prevent me from achieving my goals. Lastly, I will identify the steps I will take to overcome or mitigate those obstacles. In conclusion, by outlining my desired personal vision statement I hope to have a picture or image upon which I can reflect regularly. By so doing, it is my sincere desire and hopeRead MoreSimilarities Between The Great Gatsby And Trouble With The Cu rve961 Words   |  4 Pagescurve and Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby are both similar and different. Lobel and Gatsby both persevere and show determination when there is an obstacle in the way, however, Gatsby is a man in love while Lobel is a man on a path to survival. Lobel and Gatsby both have a goal and they persevere to reach their goal. Both try to avoid their obstacle and get what they want but that doesn’t really work. â€Å"‘How are you gonna scout this kid if your eyes aren’t right?’ asked Micky. ‘I’ll figure somethingRead MoreThe Physical, Social and Mental Obstacles in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path657 Words   |  3 Pagescontinuously, and as she nears the end of her life she will nourish her own son back to health. Her journey to Natchez is filled with a multitude of impediments, but can mainly be broken down into the physical, social, and mental obstacles that hinder her. Almost every physical obstacle that Phoenix encountered is typical of a rural area. The hills, hollows, furrows, and holes are part of the landscape in the deep south. The trek is wearisome for most anyone, but due to Phoenix’s age it was toilsome andRead MoreThe American Dream : What You Love And You Won t Work1412 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Do what you love and you won’t work another day in your life† This quote is a key aspect of the American dream. The American dream can mean something different to everyone. Many people do what they dread rather than what they love. They are always counting down the days until they can retire. The American dream can be taken in many different ways. To one person the American dream could be becoming a CEO of an organization and to another it could be getting as much money and owning the nicest houseRead More`` Their Eyes Were Watching God `` By Joseph Campbell961 Words   |  4 PagesJanie’s Journey The â€Å"hero’s journey†, coined by Joseph Campbell, is a pattern in the plot structure of literature, myths, and oral tradition in which the hero is consistently faced with similar obstacles and achieves many of the same goals. The first part of the hero’s journey is â€Å"The Call.† The hero is usually living a very comfortable and easy life, unaware of the journey ahead. The hero is then faced with a situation or dilemma which eventually causes them to seek change. The hero, at this pointRead MoreEssay about Overcoming Problems in The Alchemist633 Words   |  3 Pageswhile trying to fulfill a goal in your life? In the book The Alchemist, written by Paulo Coelho, a shepherd boy named Santiago overcomes obstacles to reach his personal legend. Throughout the book Santiago encounters many friends to help him fulfill his destiny. Santiago encounters many problems throughout the story. He overcomes them with the help of his friends and his wife-to-be. The se problems shape Santiago into a dignified man of many traits. The first two obstacles that Santiago faces areRead MoreEssay on O Brother Where Art Thou1116 Words   |  5 Pagesthree elements are seen throughout the story of Everett. Everetts dream or his goal in the story was initially to get back with his wife, see his girls, and then, as fairy tales go, live happily ever after. This is quite like the dream we all share for our lives: to find love and live happily. However, as Everett found, at the end of the journey the goals we achieve are often quite different to the goals we had in mind when we set out. The blind Seer quite rightly states, Â… you will findRead MoreThe Greatest Obstacle Of My Life900 Words   |  4 PagesIn describing the greatest obstacle in my life I need to first convey my definition of obstacle. As I view the word obstacle, it is an impediment or difficult circumstance that causes you to negotiate your way, it is not a barrier that cannot be overcome. The bible teaches us in John 16:33 that â€Å"in this world you will have trouble†. Throughout my life there have been obstacles that created defining moments for me. So therefore my greatest obstacle has been a series of life events that have broughtRead MoreMy Ideal Future1484 Words   |  6 Pagesrespects me and loves me so much with a good career too. And we will have kids, as much as we can afford to have. Have a good place to live which is close to our relatives and immediate family. I also describe my future that my future kids will be a very respectful, loving person who is going to be reaching their dreams. That will be a perfect future that I could ever have. 2. Having described your ideal future, break it down into 6-8 more specific goals - personal, social and career. 1st goal, I want toRead MoreThe Book Mountains Beyond Mountains By Tracy Kidder1357 Words   |  6 PagesMany contemporary stories today contain characters that attempt to achieve their goal through love and compassion. This is a large contrast to the heroes seen in ancient epics who achieve their goals through violence or their own physical actions. It might be because what audiences today value most in role models is much different than what audiences who lived centuries ago valued. Nowadays, people strive to see characters focus on loving and taking care of others to get what they want. In fact,

Comparison of the Portrayal of Nature in Blake and...

Comparison of the Portrayal of Nature in Blake and Wordsworth One of the most popular themes for Romantic poetry in England was nature and an appreciation for natural beauty. The English Romantic poets were generally concerned with the human imagination as a counter to the rise of science. The growing intellectual movement of the 18th and 19th centuries placed scientific thought in the forefront of all knowledge, basing reality in material objects. The Romantics found this form of world view to be restrictive. They felt that imagination was crucial to individual happiness. The imagination also provides a common human bond; a means of sympathy, of identification. However, the absence of imagination, the Romantics felt, would lead†¦show more content†¦Nature was a theme factoring in many of his works and Blake associates nature with different elements in these poems and we find that nature is seen in communion with God in the introductory poem and throughout these poems Blake points out the relationship and harmony between Man and Nature , children and Nature and he also talks about sex in Nature in `The Blossom. In Nurses Song, from Songs of Innocence, we find children playing outside, enjoying nature. In this verse, time is marked by signs in the natural world. The nurse implores: then come home, my children, the sun is gone down And the dews of night arise. . . Nature acts as a gentle guide for the children; their only concept of time comes from the luminaries and the light they give. The children respond to the nurse, wanting to play until the last lights in the sky are gone. Again, scenes from nature appear. Besides, in the sky the little birds fly And the hills are all covered with sheep. In Songs of Innocence, the dominant symbol is the child. The poems are narrated from the standpoint of a child and represent the early stages of the human imagination. At this point in its life, the imagination is not fully formed and does not yet contain its own distinctive character. The innocents world view is one of Mercy, Pity, Peace, and Love where God the creator bestows meaning upon nature. BlakesShow MoreRelatedComparison Between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth850 Words   |  4 PagesComparison between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth The city of London has inspired many poets throughout the ages. Two of the most distinctive portrayals are William Blake’s â€Å"London† published in Songs of Experience in 1974 and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802† by William Wordsworth. While both Blake and Wordsworth comment on the conflict between appearance and reality, Blake shows the gloomy ugliness by taking down London’sRead MoreThe, Gothic And The Sublime2368 Words   |  10 PagesWithin texts from the Romantic era there are many prominent themes that are apparent such as the representation of nature, gothic and the sublime. Another theme which was significant during the time included the presentation of children within these romantic texts. The figure of a child symbolised innocence and freedom for many writers. Children were also presented as being closely linked to God reinforcing their purity. Romanticism enabled childhood to be viewed in a positive light as ‘ The seventeenthRead More The Romantic Imagination in Wordsworths Tintern Abbey Essay2622 Words   |  11 Pages The Romantic Imagination, Wordsworth, and Tintern Abbey Historical Context The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, immediately preceded the time in which the Romantics were writing. In Britain, the work of Locke and Newton, who were proponents of empiricism and mechanism respectively, were central to Enlightenment philosophy. Locke was the founder of empiricism, the belief that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience;Read MoreTo What Extent Can quot;waverleyquot; Be Called an Anti-romantic Novel?1295 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatic turning point in literary history as it was considered a movement away from classical traditions and provincial languages within the field of literature which had been safe yet restricting for the authors of the time. Through the portrayals within poetry of nature and controversial subjects such as religion, politics and people, the romantic form was developed, with fresh ways of writing and new narrative styles. However it was national and political influences that encouraged this movementRead More The Condition of Youth in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience2679 Words   |  11 Pagesbooks allowed Blake to make a crucial commentary on his political and moral surroundings with deceptively simplistic and readable poetry. Utilizing these themes Blake criticized the church, attacking the hypocritical clergy and pointing out the ironies and cruelties found within the doctrines of organized religion. He wrote about the horrific working conditions of children as a means to magnify the inequality between the poor working class and the well to do aristocracy. Blake was also able

Women and Marriage Free Essays

string(188) " not all young women label themselves feminists, the idea that women can and should have aspirations other than wife and mother has been widely accepted† \(Unger Crawford, pg\." This paper presents an in-depth discussion about the changing relationship between women and marriage. Economic factors, a rise in feminism, parents† influence, attitudes about sex, educational pursuits, and divorce statistics are discussed and their influence on women†s attitudes toward marriage are explored. Cultural changes that have impacted women†s lives are also examined. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of the paper is to explore the changes affecting women, their attitudes toward marriage, and their expectations of marriage. This paper will primarily concentrate on the question of why women delay marriage. The ources used to develop this paper are published journals, the text for this course along with other books related to this issue, and the The Changing Relationship Between Women and Marriage Over the past four decades there has been substantial changes in the attitudes toward marriage among women in the United States. These attitudes relate to gender roles and social changes in today†s society and have contributed to women marrying later than their ancestors married. Studies show American women are waiting longer than ever to get married. Their median age at first marriage hit a record high of 24. years in 1994, up from 20 years in the mid 1950†³s (Crispell, 1996). That†s the oldest age since the Census Bureau started to ask about age at marriage in 1890. Of course postponing marriage means an increase, at any given time, in the number of people who have never wed, and that is also reflected in the census study. From 1970 to 1994 the number of Americans aged 18 and over who never married more than doubled from 21. million to 44. 2 million. Additionally, women may be less likely to marry in the future. Projections show the proportion of never married women increasing between 1992 and 2010 for all age groups under 55 (Crispell). According to Allen Kalish (1984), the timing of a first marriage is related to the attractiveness of the alternatives to marrying. When women value roles that provide viable alternatives to the role of wife, they delay marriage. The role of women has undergone significant transformation brought about by changes in society. Today†s families are smaller and live longer, thereby allowing women to devote a smaller part of their lives to raising children than was the case in earlier times (Allen Kalish). Thus, more time is left for other pursuits. A woman who enters her first marriage at an older ge is less likely to exchange dependence on her parents for dependence on a husband (Unger Crawford, 1992). Elder (1974) found that women who married later were more likely to have careers, financial stability and be middle class as opposed to lower class background. What has transformed societal attitudes toward marriage so that young women delay it, older women get out of it, and some women skip it altogether? Economic factors, a rise in feminism, parental influences, attitudes about sex, educational pursuits, and the divorce rate have all undergone significant cultural changes and are among ome of the reasons being credited for influencing the ideas women have about marriage. Let†s examine these influences and the attitudes of women which determine their decision to marry or delay marriage. We will also examine the expectations of marriage that today†s educated women may have and how these expectations differ from other women†s Economic factors have resulted in women working outside the home, and have had a strong influence over a woman†s decision to marry. â€Å"The ever increasing opportunities for women to work outside the home make her less and less dependent, economically, upon a husband† (Casler, 1974, p. 30). Late marrying women indicated that careers took relative precedence over marriage during the period of their lives when their â€Å"less achievement – oriented peers were opting for marriage† (Allen Kalish, p. 141). Women now in the labor market want more than just a â€Å"job†, and therefore, actively pursue a â€Å"career†. Between 1969 and 1979, for example, percentages of women endorsing wanting to be â€Å"an authority in my field† increased from 54. 3% to 70. 5% and in 1979 were only 4. 8% lower than the percentage for men. Women endorsing wanting â€Å"to raise a family† declined in these years from 77. % to64. 8% which equals the percentage for men. Long, Becker†s (1981) theories of marriage and family behavior hypothesize that women†s increasing labor force participation has had a critical and presumably irreversible impact on the family. If half of all marriages are to fail, and with alimony for ex-wives less common, a woman cannot count upon marriage for a lifetime of economic security (Allen Kalish). Men†s economic status has substantially deteriorated since the 1970†³s (Oppenheimer, 1994). The median income of men aged 25 to 34 fell by 26% between 1972 and 1994 (Koontz, 1997). The institution of marriage underwent a particularly rebellious and ramatic shift when women entered the work force. â€Å"People don†t have to stay married because of economic forces now . . . we are in the midst of trying to renegotiate what the marriage contracts is – what men and women are suppose to do as partners† (Gleick, 1995). Studies show the lowest marriage rate of all is for women professionals (i. e. , doctors, lawyers). While over three-fourths of all women in the United States aged 35 to 39 are married, fewer than two thirds of these are professional women. Further, when they do marry, professional women are more likely to divorce than their age peers. As for hildbearing, these women have significantly fewer children than their nonprofessional counterparts, when they have children at all (Allen Kalish). In the case of having children Oppenheimer argues that â€Å"the major component of the cost of children is the â€Å"indirect† cost – the cost of the mother†s time† (p. 295). A rise in feminism is credited for being another strong influence in women†s lives. Feminism movements, with emphasis upon educational and vocational achievements for women, seem to encourage departure from traditional sex roles which were chiefly organized around marriage and children, and toward more extensive careers for omen, especially those who are well educated (Becker). â€Å"Even though not all young women label themselves feminists, the idea that women can and should have aspirations other than wife and mother has been widely accepted† (Unger Crawford, pg. You read "Women and Marriage" in category "Papers" 364). While it is true the woman†s movement has made significant progress in its attempt to equalize opportunities, the situation continues to be blatantly unjust. It has been said that marriage diminishes man, which is often true; but almost always it annihilates woman† (Casler, p. 30). Women, struggling to rise above the â€Å"housewife† role, have a strong esire to be valued for some of the same qualities men are valued for: ambition, intelligence, and independence. Unfortunately, subservient status of the married woman is deeply embedded in history. â€Å"Conventional matrimony is seen by some to be a major stumbling block in the path toward women†s liberation† (Casler, pg. 177). Modernization has inevitably led to the growth of individualism with its emphasis on the importance of self fulfillment as opposed to the subordination of individual needs† (Oppenheimer). As a result, women not only are beginning to lead less traditional lives, but are also ncreasingly tolerant of differences in life styles among others (Becker). The old status order that granted men a privileged position in the family is crumbling. Proponents of women†s empowerment have emphasized the effect of women†s education and income on their decision making authority within the household (Lundberg Pollack, 1996). Policies that empower women have been supported with claims that they will increase the well being of children. The belief that â€Å"kids do better† when their mothers control a larger fraction of family has been proven (Lundberg Pollack). Parental influence and upbringing, no doubt, have a enetrating influence on a woman†s ideas and her perceptions on marriage. Several studies have focused on parents† influence on a woman†s marital timing. Late marriers had less dating experience and more parental restrictions than earlier marriers did (Elder). It was found that the parents of late marrying women did not stress education and career over marriage but, valued career in its own right in such a way that they provided their daughters with permission to pursue a non-normative path (Allen Kalish). So, it appears that parents of late marrying women have put less pressure on their daughters to marry han parents of the normative groups. In studies of women†s educational achievements and family influences, it seems that women who pursue higher education goals and careers during the average marrying years have, if not encouragement, at least acceptance of their choice by their parents. Furthermore, father†s occupation and education and mother†s education account for one-half of the variance in marital timing for women, which is consistent with the idea that both parents support their daughter in academic and career achievement if they themselves have achieved more (Allen Kalish). In another tudy, parents of high educational and occupational level status, exert positive influences on their daughter†s education and career plans. Working mothers or mothers who are career oriented, tend to influence their daughters in that direction. A close relationship with parents and identification with their fathers are also positive predictors of career orientations of young women. A number of studies also have indicated that women who marry late are close to their parents. Frequently, their career goals are consistent with their family backgrounds (Allen Kalish). Modern attitudes about sex are also influencing women. Traditionally, marriage was seen as a way to legitimize sexual relations. With the arrival of easily available birth control, sexual freedom is no longer a â€Å"reward† to be associated with marriage (Allen Kalish). Premarital sex and living together arrangements have become more acceptable to many (Unger Crawford). Women who married late will have been more able to have adequate sexual lives before marriage than women who married during the average marrying years. Late marriers considered premarital sex more acceptable than normative marriers. Willingness to participate in intimate personal and sexual elationships outside of marriage reduces the attractiveness of the The pursuit of an education is another significant influence on women, with the level of education achieved by women being directly related to their marital age (Elder). College attendance among women has doubled – one out of five women obtained some college education in the mid 1960†³s compared to two out of five in the early 1980†³s. â€Å"With their rapid increase in college attendance, by 1983 women constituted over half of the student body at two-year colleges and closed to half of the students attending four-year colleges† (McLaughlin, 1988, . 35). The most dramatic changes have occurred in the professions of law and medicine. The number of women becoming lawyers increased from 230 in 1960 to approximately 12,000 in 1982 up from 3 to 33% of all lawyers. Similarly, the number of women who received medical degrees increased from 3% in 1960 to approximately 4,000 in 1981, representing a jump from 6 to 25% of all medical degrees. Women are also rapidly growing in the professions of architecture and business administration, professions previously dominated by males. By 1985 women were earning half of all bachelor and master degrees and over a hird of the doctorates, compared to the 42% of all bachelor degrees, 32% of master degrees and 10% of all doctorates in the 1960†³s (O†Neill, 1989). The result is that both education and experience levels of the female labor force have begun to increase at a faster rate than they have for the male labor force (McLaughlin). Koontz found that highly educated women in professional careers are less likely than women in general to be involved in marriage and parenting. In recent decades, the percentage of young women obtaining advanced degrees and pursuing a professional career has increased dramatically. Between 1971 and 1980 the percentage of women aged 30-39 who completed four or more years of college rose from 10. 3 to 18. 8 percent (Koontz). A positive relationship between educational attainment and the timing A woman†s completed fertility level is also highly correlated with her educational attainment in part because of the effect of delayed childbearing on fertility. Educational attainment is negatively associated with the likelihood that women will ever marry and/or bear children. Educational attainment is also related to the likelihood of divorce, for women but not for men. Women who have ompleted six or more years of college have significantly higher rates of divorce than woman at all other education levels, except high school drop-outs. High levels of education by women is highly predictive of delayed and reduced involvement in marital and parental Acknowledging the prevalence of divorce may influence a woman†s future decision to marry. Plenty of young women have seen unhappy marriages as they grew up – giving them an understandable fear of committing themselves. This may account for the rapid growth in the proportion of women rejecting marriage. We all know the statistics – alf of all marriages in the United States end in divorce and nearly a third of all children are born out of wedlock. As a result four out of 10 kids don†t live with both of their biological parents (Chollar, 1993). Delayed marriage and continued high divorce levels will combine to shrink the share of currently married men and women in most age groups. In the 21st century, men will remain more married than women because of the surplus of adult women in all but the under age 25 group (McLaughlin). Gottman found that a major complaint of divorced women was that their ex-husband†s had the majority of power. Moreover, it is still overwhelming women, not men, who are called upon to adjust their work lives to the demands of child rearing by quitting their jobs, working part-time or choosing a flexible job over one that offers higher pay (Cherlin, 1990). Women are also showing less patience with problem marriages as growing numbers unravel the The decline in the ideal of marital permanence – one of the most well documented value changes among Americans in recent decades – also has tended to make persons less willing and able to make the needed commitments to and investments in marriage (Gleick, 1993, p. ). While entering into marriage with the â€Å"utmost care and deepest consideration can only be to the good, it may be marriage itself – along with the most basic institutions like the work place – that continues to need refining† (Gleick, p. 28). Today†s women, all too aware of the current divorce numbers, may be hesitant to enter into I would say w e†re in a stalled revolution . . . women have gone into the labor force, but not much else has changed to adapt to that new situation. We have not rewired the notion of manhood so that it makes sense to men to participate at home (Gleick, pg. 56). Many married women report although their role has changed when they entered the work force, men primary have kept doing what they have always been doing, thus, putting additional burdens on women (Gleick). â€Å"However it seems that it is not the increased workload itself but rather the increased inequality that makes mothers less satisfied with their marriages than nonmothers† (Unger Crawford, pg. 75). Men are making some progress though, in taking on household tasks, including child care, but women still shoulder most of the One of the most likely reasons for the decline in marital success is an increase in what persons expect of marriage. The levels of intimacy, emotional support, companionship, and sexual gratification that people believe they should get from marriage differ because of the breakdown of what it means to be husband or wife. Whereas, until recently, the rights and obligations of spouse†s were prescribed culturally and fairly well understood by just about everyone, they have become a matter for regulation in the individual marriages for some this has led to discord and Altogether then, cultural changes related to sex roles would seem to produce different expectations of marriage. A woman who has supported herself to the age of 25 or above and has lived on her own ntil that age has had time to get more education, be exposed more to a variety of view points and experiences, and therefore, is more likely to expect a peer relationship with her husband. All in all, she is more likely than a younger woman to enter marriage with a well developed sense of self worth and broad horizons for her life† (Unger Crawford, pg. 364). Compared with a woman who marries younger – she is more likely to expect a more traditional relationship in which the husband is dominant (Everett, 1991). According to Everett, younger women expect greater communication, companionship, and ompatibility with their spouses than older women. Possibly younger women, still maturing, have not yet developed their own sense of self worth and, therefore, depend on their spouse to fulfill their needs of worthiness. As opposed to older women who, in most cases, have a more The traditional bargain struck between men and women – financial support for domestic services – is no longer valid. Women have shown outstanding improvements in education, and played a major part in the work force. With education and occupation in their hands, women do not need to rely on men for economic support, thus marriage s not an immediate concern anymore. However, it should be noted that when both husband and wife are employed the marriage is given an Nonetheless, all of these changes have spurred women to greater autonomy. Each has affected marriage in a different way, but all have worked in unity toward the same result – to make marriage less urgent and more arbitrary. Marriage may change for the better if people are committed to making the institution work, although in a new format. Still, studies show young adult women still care about marriage enough that the conflict between work life and family life remains intense. How to cite Women and Marriage, Papers

Doing Business Globally & Internationally Largest Public Company

Question: Describe about the Doing business Globally Internationally for Largest Public Company. Answer: Part A 1a. Most important external matter and trends which drove Kellogg and Wilmer together. On September 25, 2012, Kellogg Company and Wilmer International limited have announced a 50:50 joint venture for the production, sale and distribution of wholesome snacks, snacks of savory, and cereal in China. Wilmer is a wholly owned subsidiary company in Singapore and Kellogg is a large public company selling their variety of cereal products in 180 countries around the world (Baldwin, 2012). They started a joint business with only one product Kelloggs Corn Flakes. But, today, after the 100 years since their foundation, they are become one the largest public company in the world. China is expected to be the largest beverages and food industry globally within the next few years. The consumers in China are mainly driven both by the growth of a middle-class people in the large cities. There is also a desire for a wide range of branded and packaged product in the China market. The consumption of cereal is increased in the global market along with the increased consumption of the milk p roducts as well. The consumers want to eat healthy foods at their breakfast and cereals consider being a convenient food product available everywhere in the world (Bold, 2013).The Kellogg-Wilmer venture has followed certain marketing principles. Such principles are applied to track the environment they are operating in or planning to launch new project/product. In China, there are many political, social, technological, legal and environmental issues which might affect the partnership company at the time of business launch. The critical analyses of socio-economic factors are as follows: Political: It is known that Government may influence particular types of industries or economy. The revenue generating structure is also get influenced by imposing new tax rules or duty structure of the Government. A political issue also includes Fiscal policy, trade tariff (Casson, 2013). The Kellogg-Wilmer Company found Chinas tax policy favourable for exporting their Cereal products in that country. Economic: Economic factors include interest rates, foreign exchange rate, inflation rate, economic growth pattern of the country. The Government of China encourages Cereal food products by FDI policys low rate of interest for foreign direct investment (CzinkotaRonkainen, 2012). Social: These factors highlights social environment of the market considering the factors like cultural trends, population analytics, geographic position. In China, demand for the food product is enormous due to huge population. Technological: This factor pertains to innovation to technology that may directly affect the operations of the industry. The Wilmer International is famous for improved mechanism and technology which they used to produce high quality agricultural product globally (Kurtzman Phumiwasana, 2013). Legal: The legal issues like consumer law of the country, labour laws, safety standards. The Food Corporation of China is very active for maintaining countrys safety standards and consumer laws are also renewed recently. So food product for Kellogg-Wilmer is being secured by Chinas legal structure. Environmental: Factors of the business environmental analysis include weather, climate, and geographical environment. The climate of China is favourable for corn, rice production. Such factors would also go positive for cereal production in China (Peng, 2014). Diagram-1 PESTEL analysis (Source: Casson, 2013). Highlighting key factors among PESTLE analysis that collaborated the two companies: Environmental factors- Both the companies are situated in different countries and come together to flourish their business in China. The reason behind their collaboration is that Wilmer International is familiar with Asian work culture, because earlier the company have worked in the same environment (Cavusgilet at al, 2014). So, it expected to get good guidance at the time of business expansion in China. Social factors- Both the companies were analysed huge demand of snacks and cookies products in China. So the Kellogg Company wanted to concentrate their brand expansion with the help of Wilmer International who is famous for integrated supply chain distribution in Asian Countries. So these reasons were considered at the time of Kellogg-Wilmer collaboration in China. In supply chain management, the impact of the growing agricultural ingredients is the most important issue which drove Kellogg and Wilmer together. According to the new survey report, the agriculture is the single largest deforestation driver on Earth. Agriculture is the largest user of water, the biggest user of chemical and the largest users of the water population on Earth. The sustainable agricultural work of Kellogg focuses primarily on the grains like wheat, rice, corn and palm oil as well. The approach of the company involves working with breeders and growers of these products and in work as a joint venture in the other part of the world. To help the agricultural sector by maximizing the growth in all over the world is the main driving force for the co-venturing between the Kellogg and Wilmer in china market. 1b. Causing issues for being work together The joint venture raised economic efficiency by introducing profit incentives to family firms like Kellogg at their initial stage, rural enterprises, small private businesses and foreign investors and traders. The environmental issues include the political intervention in the trade policy of a particular country. By the enough revenue achievement in the process of work together, the joint company can improve business performances and productivity of the agribusiness will enhance in China. The Wilmer uses high mechanism and technologies for food production system. The factor causing issue in the current the Kellogg is not familiar with utilizing such mechanism in production of Cereal products. Also, Kellogg Co chief executive officer John Bryant was strictly opposed the illegal deforestation that its partner Wilmer has been accused. He strongly believes that Kellogg Company publicly committed to sustainability. This difference of opinion may be of the main cause for their business col lision. 1c. Areas of expected internal benefits and synergies for Kellogg and Wilmer ltd The business expansion takes place for expanding sales, acquiring resources, and minimizing risk. Kellogg Company and Wilmer International ltd announce joint venture in China expecting internal benefits due to their partnership. Wilmer will contribute in the development of infrastructure, scale of supply chain, an extensive sales and distribution network in China. Kellogg will contribute a portfolio for their brands which are globally recognized. The huge population of China is the main reason for large demand for the food product. So the domestic industries of China are face problem to generate large volume of food production. So the Kellogg-Wilmer company would present variety of cereal foods which are new for the Chinese people. Also Kellogg-Wilmer has brought cereal products to China due to huge milk consumption of China people. They will provide variety of cereal, snacks products with different flavour which will attract the new customer base in China. After the joint venture th e company together will leverage this complementary expertise to increase manufacturing and marketing synergies (Chor Manova, 2012).Kellogg Chief ExecutiveJohn Bryant is enthusiastic about the fact thatthe snack market of China is expected to reach an estimated $12 billion by two years which will be a higher than 44% in comparison with the year of 2008 (Baldwin, 2012). So the Chinas huge market for these products is a positive for both the companies. To capture this growth, Kellogg and Wilmerwill leverage the key strength bring to the partnership like scale and regional market experience, mutual commitment to innovation focusing the requirement of the consumer in China (ForsgrenJohanson, 2014). Through this relationship both the companies are benefited by developing a strong working relationship and trust within an organization. Wilmer is having a portfolio of high quality processed agricultural products in the diverse location of the world. The manufacturer of the food industries are preferred their services. Wilmer is also famous for their high quality supply chain services mainly in Asian Countries like Australia, Singapore, Thai land and many more. Wilmercan extract the value chain services of other company effectively and efficiently in the joint venture business (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2012). This is a positive aspect in their partnership because high level of marketing is required for distribution of the product and expansion of sales volume. 2. Kelloggs two attempts to enter the Chinese market with Zhenghang Food Company in 2008 and Wilmer International Limited din 2012. a. Kelloggs two attempts to enter the Chinese market (Zhenghang Food Company in 2008 and Wilmer International Ltd. in 2012) Kellogg Company has tried international expansion for the cereal products in several times. Kellogg Company was first tried to enter in the china market in the year of 2008. As per the Kelloggs Annual Report of 2011, the acquisition with Zhenghang was not worked for the company (Dunning, 2014). Things didnt go what was expected. The company recorded impairment charges estimating $29 million in that context with Navigable foods which incorporated $20 million of goodwill (Fraser Strategy, 2013).According to Kellogg Chief ExecutiveJohn Bryant, the operating loss was huge since the acquisition and the trend was expected to continue. The bad financial record of the company was a major issue for the decline of business in China. In the year of 2012, Kellogg Company was again attempt to enter China with Wilmer International for their business expansion. This joint venture would not repeat previous faults and made product considering the Chinese people preferences. Recently western food products are well accepted by China people, so market is ready to accept foreign food product whole heartedly. b. Describing the difference between the two attempts and their relative risks. Last time, Kellogg Company didnt say to their customer that the cereals of the company would be sold in fresh Chinese flavours. So the Chinese customer didnt know the product quality variation (Forsgren Johanson, 2014). Though the Zhenghang Company was situated in china, the company is failed to provide high level of distribution network in China. Zhenghang was familiar in Chinese work-culture, but Kellogg was not aware the cultural preferences of Chinese people. Also in that space, there were lot of competitive companies presented their food product. The risk of domestic companies was also in the competition with the same kind of product in the market. The local brand like YUM was concentrated the local Chinese flavour and gained the popularity. The partnership with Wilmer Company has attempted other business policy while entering in China. The company was now concentrating domestic preferences and twist in taste as per the market suggests. The risk associated with Wilmer International is currency rate difference of Singapore dollar and US dollar. The US dollar is considered the strongest currency in world economy. So imbalance in currency exchange may be a causing issue for internal transactions with both the companies. Also in recent time, the Kellogg Company faces intimate partner violence with Wilmer International. So, the Kellogg Company is highly in pressure to continue their partnership with Wilmer International. c. Why would the partnership with Wilmer be considered more likely to succeed. As per the Kellogg Annual report, 2012, the joint venture with the Wilmer has considered all the above facts for made it successful. Kellogg Company is famous for cereal products that have a high level of fibre content with added Chinese flavour in their products which was missing at the time of Kelloggs partnership with Zhenghang Limited (Gesteland, 2012). The chief executive of Kellogg thoughts that by the help of Wilmerthe joint company can introduce improved level of delivery system. The joint company can share similar work culture because both the companies relate to Agricultural businesses and popular for well developed supply chain management. The Wilmer International is also known for product distribution in the Asian countries, which would be positive for market expansion in China. In the face of the global risk such as climate change, resource depletion, environmental degradation, Kellogg and Wilmerwould consider all such facts during the production (Gesteland, 2012). Wilme rand Kellogg would experience huge scale of operation because the number of employee in the joint venture company was huge. Through merchandising and distribution performed by the Wilmer, the newly formed company world experience wide range of agricultural product In the China market. 3b. Analysis the corporate culture of the partnership business in connection of the joint venture of Kellogg and Wilmer International Limited The geographical business expansion is possible when the company focuses on domestic preferences as the key for the manufacture of the product. Before entering in the other country, the foreign company should study the local business market and preferences for that particular industry. The cultural difference may be the obstacle for make it successful. By it is the primary duty of the company to identify the local food habits, cultural behaviour of such country and the economic growth exposure of such country. Here Wilmer International Company launched their joint venture company at Shanghai for product manufacturing, selling and distributing snacks and cereals in China. In research the company found that the demand for snacks product is huge in China market. Also the position of the Chinas sweet and savory snacks was $13bn in 2012 which will expect to increase $21 bn in 2017. So Kellogg-WilmerCompany would research the current China food market and concentrate to produce their produ ct with some twist and turn as per the local preferences. The retail market exposure is also huge in China (Haley et al, 2013). The Chinese companies are highly believed in technologies and mechanism.The Wilmer uses high mechanism for food production. They have also working experience in Asian Countries previously with other companies. So the Chinese corporate culture is well known for Kellogg-Wilmer. It is important for the joint company to utilize the combined resources of the organization towards the ultimate goal. The recently acquired Pringle brand by Kellogg Company created huge demand for the snacks product in China. So the demand for breakfast cereal would achieve huge potential in the Chinas agricultural business. So the success of the partnership is about to analysis corporate culture and native culture of the country. 3c. Impact of the Partnership between Kellogg and Wilmer International in the initial stage of operation: Business culture partnership helps to gain profit by strengthening their identification with their place of living, expanding their horizon, offering them new events and experiences. The organizational culture sets the stage for the relationship that develops. Here the Kellogg-Wilmer Company would develop their product after analyzing combine business values, belief and expectations. So the difference of work-culture should reduced by both the companies for smooth running of the new business (Ghemawat, 2013). The impact of the partnership between Kellogg and Wilmer International during the exploratory stage is vast and huge. The exploratory stage is the first step of product life cycle. In this stage, the company mainly focuses the internal resources of the joint business and the market exposure regarding such business environment. The operational cooperation is mandatory for building a long-term Partnership. The internal resource of the Wilmer International is huge (Gesteland, 2012). Kellogg will get the workforce of 93000 people globally who are currently employed in Wilmer International. In the final stage of the product life cycle, the operational loss will be dividend fifty percent in both the companies. So the burden of financial loss will be segregated and controlled. In the exploratory stage, Wilmer can contribute smart mechanism and advance technology through which fast production of cereal product can possible in China (Hill et al, 2013). And in the last stage of the operation, the joint company can use higher level revenue in the internal productivity enhancement program. So the impact of joint venture will make a huge difference in the initial stage of the production. 4. Critically discuss the possible effects of exchange rate movements on the partnership: Exchange rate movements on the partnership: When the company deals with different currencies, exchange rate difference can effect by the company. Foreign currency exchange rates have positive and negative effects in joint venture business. Positive effects: Exchange rate movement arises, due to foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment includes variety of transactions, such as purchase of stock, the creation of production facilities or of network of distribution and the acquisition of land for commercial or residential use. The movement of transactions can positively affect by decrease rate of interest in foreign country. The foreign company can invest more capital in those countries which provide low rate of interest. Also, this principle can help to built long-tem relationship in joint venture business. Stable trade policies are extremely important both for the economic welfare of the countries concerned and for the preservation of the multilateral trading system (Ghemawat, 2013). In this context, the china is having strong trade policy which is helpful for foreign direct investment. The Kellogg-Wilmer Company is facing the favourable market condition of Chinese market. The Wilmer is a Singaporean company where as Kellogg i s mainly situated in United States. So in the joint venture, the partnership company make transactions with Yuan currency of China. However, the rate of currencies is different in both the countries, but the company would be benefited by low rate of interest in China. Wilmer will contribute regional knowledge in china market as well as steady infrastructure, an extensive sales and distribution network across the country, Kellogg will add the strong brand reputation and underpin growth with its expertise in the cereals and snacks products. So, there are lot of positive effects company will experience for currency movement in their new business. Negative effects:The internal balance of the workforce will be an important aspect in the partnership business. The production will hamper if the internal balance of work-place lost their position due to geographical expansion of a particular business. In this case, Kellogg and Wilmer maintain their market sustainability with the integrated business activities and expand the internal resource application (Verbeke, 2013). In this case, the flexibility of the exchange rate movement is also considered by the management. Because China has a different tax procedure than Singapore or other Asian Countries like Australia, New Zeeland and many more. So the effects of exchange rate partnership are large in the partnership business context. Also the Chinese market condition is very volatile which carry a negative impact for the Kellogg-Wilmer Company (Persinger et al, 2011). The dollar is the strongest currency in the world economy. So it is always a big challenge for other country like China to maintain internal balance of exchange rate difference in business transactions. Chinas exchange rate policy is very volatile for political disturbances. Also movement of exchange rate may change due to price received by customer situated in other part of the world. The elasticity of export movement is estimated by Chinas RBM movement. Secondly, Export Company may price their product as per the market cost of China, and adjust the price-cost margin with the optimization of export profits. The movements of exchange rate are not passed to the importers or customers in destination countries. A developed country like China reveals low exchange rate pass-through to price of the import at the aggregate level. Thirdly, the response of the exchange rate is not adjusted in intensive margins of trade. It means the firm is emphasized the extensive margin of trade. So the exchange rate movement has enormous effect on partnership business. The productivity of the cereal products in China is directly related to the movement policy of exchange rate. Though, then Government of t he China has reduced the exchange rate for long-term bonding with the country, benefits will be increased in the long-run of the business. The exchange rate appreciation has a negative effect in the large scale of export. An appreciation of native currency may reduce the probability of the firms export. It will effect in both the companies by the surviving probability of the existing market and that of entering a new market. By the Chinas foreign trade policy, Kellogg-Wilmermay affect negatively for the exchange rate appreciation. In summary, the effect of currency appreciation on trade will largely affect the joint company. So at the time of price of the cereal product in China, the company needs to consider the volatility issue more seriously. Finally, the partnership company needs to research the firm-level data and examine how productivity affects the firms response of appreciation (Baldwin, 2012). In Kellogg-Wilmer business, companies were exposed to three types of risk caused by currency volatility. The exchange rate fluctuations in China have an effect on Kellogg-Wilmer Companys obligations to make or receive pay ments.This are called transactional risk. Translational exposure arises from the effect of currency fluctuation. Also, the unanticipated exchange rate fluctuation can largely affect Kellogg-Wilmer Companys competitive position in China in their economic exposure. Diagram-2: Transactional, Translational and economic exposure of hedging and un- hedging risk of a business. (Source: Bold, 2013) Part B: 5. The specific aspects undertaken by Kelloggs for doing business internationally It is to be indicated that the international business requires the maintenance of the business ethics more specifically. It is to be indicated that the joint venture process between Kelloggs and Wilmer is required maintaining several Codes of Ethics, which are relevant enough in doing business internationally. The maintenance of the ethical consideration is the mostly required field in the international business market. However, the companies have undertaken three aspects, which are quite beneficial if used for the future prospects in time of doing business internationally. These three main aspects are elaborated below: Integration Process The teamwork of the companies is effective enough for reaching towards the same organizational goals and strengthening the business position in the competitive market. The Code of Ethics established by the joint venture process of Kelloggs and Wilmaris significant enough for ensuring the strengthened business position in the globalised and internationalized business market (Verbeke, 2013). The Code of Ethics can even effectively resolve the internal conflict that may arise within the business. The fairness and the honest working performance are ensuring the business development as well. It is to be noted that the joint venture process has eliminated the involvement of the third parties other than the employees while performing the business tasks. Fair Treatment of the Employees According to (Schuleret al, 2011), the internationalized business occupies the employees from different cultures and traditional background. Therefore, it is very much important for the management of the companies to treat the employees fairly and equally. The fair treatments and appreciation will be beneficial for bringing out the better outcomes of their performance. The maintenance of the equal and fair treatment is thus very much important in considering the international business dealings. Responsibilities of the managers It pointed out that the business success and development in the international business market requires the support of the skilled management system. The managerial responsibilities are thus considered as the most significant aspects in time of the business establishment in the globalised competitive market (Terpstraet al, 2012). The joint venture of Kelloggs and Wilmer is is one of the significant mergers in the Chinese market. Both the companies are performing the business activities by determining the act of integrity and by showing respects. It is to be notified that in the process of joint venture between Kelloggs and Wilmer, the employees are needed to be treated fairly. The human resource management has to play the most vital role in considering the motivational aspects and engaging the employees within the business activities. If the managers can motivate the employees by proper appreciations and providing the facilities, it will be justified enough for the employee retention process. In fact, in considering the joint venture process of Kelloggs and Wilmer is keeping the concentration on the managerial responsibilities for the business establishment in the Chinese market (Zikmundet al, 2012). The maintenance of the managerial responsibilities is fruitful for bringing the skilled outcomes of the employ ees performance. The skilled performance of the employees will be strengthening the business position in the Internationalized Business Market. Such geographical expansion of the business will affect largely in the agricultural world. The future agricultural growth possibilities in China will be the main driving force for that partnership. References: Baldwin, R. E. (2012). Global supply chains: Why they emerged, why they matter, and where they are going. Bold, D. (2013). Doing Business 2013-Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises.The World Bank. Abgerufen am,29(04), 2013. Casson, M. (Ed.). (2013).The Growth of International Business (RLE International Business). Routledge. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Chor, D., Manova, K. (2012). Off the cliff and back? Credit conditions and international trade during the global financial crisis.Journal of International Economics,87(1), 117-133. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I. (2012).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Dunning, J. H. (2014).The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Forsgren, M., Johanson, J. (2014).Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Fraser, J. A., Strategy, E. S. (2013). A return to basics at Kellogg.Image. Gesteland, R. R. (2012).Cross-Cultural Business Behavior: A guide for global management. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. Ghemawat, P. (2013).Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Haley, G. T., Haley, U. C., Tan, C. (2012).New Asian emperors: The business strategies of the overseas Chinese. John Wiley Sons. Haufler, V. (2013).A public role for the private sector: Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Carnegie Endowment. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Krut, R., Gleckman, H. (2013).ISO 14001: A missed opportunity for sustainable global industrial development. Routledge. Kurtzman, J., Yago, G., Phumiwasana, T. (2013). The global costs of opacity.MIT Sloan Management Review,6. Lasserre, P. (2012).Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Paliwoda, S., Thomas, M. (2013).International marketing. Routledge. Peng, M. (2014).Global business. Cengage learning. Persinger, E. S., Civi, E., Vostina, S. W. (2011). The born global entrepreneur in emerging economies.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER),6(3). Schuler, R. S., Jackson, S. E., Tarique, I. (2011). Global talent management and global talent challenges: Strategic opportunities for IHRM.Journal of World Business,46(4), 506-516. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

From The Very Opening Of The Play When Richard III Enters Solus, The P

From the very opening of the play when Richard III enters solus, the protagonist's isolation is made clear. Richard's isolation progresses as he separates himself from the other characters and breaks the natural bonds between Man and nature through his efforts to gain power. The first scene of the play begins with a soliloquy, which emphasizes Richard's physical isolation as he appears alone as he speaks to the audience. This idea of physical isolation is heightened by his references to his deformity, such as rudely stamp'd...Cheated of feature by Dissembling Nature, deformed, unfinished. This deformity would be an outward indication to the audience of the disharmony from Nature and viciousness of his spirit. As he hates the idle pleasures of these days and speaks of his plots to set one brother against another, Richard seems socially apart from the figures around him, and perhaps regarded as an outsider or ostracized because of his deformity. His separation from is family is emphasized when he says Dive, thought's down to my soul when he sees his brother approaching. He is unable to share his thought with his own family as he is plotting against them. Thus, we are given hints of his physical, social and spiritual isolation which is developed throughout the play. But despite these hints, he still refers to himself as part of the House of York, shown in the repeated use of Our. The concept of Richard's physical isolation is reinforced in his dealings with Anne in Act I scene ii. She calls him thou lump of foul deformity and fouler toad during their exchange. Despite these insults, she still makes time to talk to Richard, and by the end of their exchange, she has taken his ring and been woo'd by him. After Richard has successfully gained the throne, he isolates himself when he asks the crowd to stand all apart in Act IV scene ii. And later, when Richard dreams, he is completely alone. Physical isolation in Richard's deformity wins sympathy from the audience as we pity his condition. But Richard uses his deformity as a tool against the other characters, to portray them as victimizing Richard. Thus the sense of tragedy is lessened by his own actions, even though his isolation may become greater as the play progresses. Richard's psychological isolation is conveyed through his lack of conscience in his murderous acts. Nowhere does he feel remorse for his murders, until Act V scene iii when he exclaims Have mercy Jesu! and O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!. In this turning point, Richard's division from his own self is made clear from I and I, and Is there a murderer here? No. Yes, I am! He has conflicting views of himself and realizes that no creature loves him, not even himself. We also never the real mind of Richard, for he is always playing a role, of a loving brother to Clarence, a lover to Anne or a victim to the others. We feel sympathy for Richard as he awakes in a vulnerable position and for the first time acknowledges the evil that he has done. But as he only reveals his feelings of guilt in the last act of the play, we do not see him in internal turmoil and thus the sense of psychological tragedy cannot be built upon. Socially, Richard is isolated from both the upper and lower classes of society. In Act I scene iii, Richard sarcastically calls Elizabeth sister, and she contemptuously calls him Brother of Gloucester making a mockery of familial bonds. Margaret calls him cacodemon and devil, and any unity that the characters have on stage is temporary and superficial. In act III, the citizens are said to be mum and deadly pale, which gives a sense of quiet opposition to Richard's activities. Richard is thus separated from all around him. Temporarily, we see Richard and Buckingham share a kind of bond, as Richard calls him My other self, My Oracle and My prophet. But they part when Buckingham hesitates to kill the young princes when Richard says I wish the bastards dead. This is the only time the audience sees Richard act with any other man, but we realize that it is for purely political

Important Female Artists of the Surrealist Movement

Important Female Artists of the Surrealist Movement Founded in 1924 by writer and poet Andrà © Breton, the Surrealist group was comprised of artists whom Breton had handpicked. However, the movements ideas, which focused on exposing the subconscious through exercises like automatic drawing, were not contained to the select few whom Breton capriciously favored or shunned. Its influence was worldwide and found its strongest outposts in Mexico, the United States, Europe, and Northern Africa. Due to Surrealism’s reputation as a male discipline, female artists are often written out of its story. Yet the work of these five female artists upends the traditional narrative about Surrealism’s focus on objectifying the female body, and their participation in the movement is testament to the fact that the Surrealist ethos was more expansive than art history has previously assumed. Leonor Fini Leonor Fini was born in Argentina in 1907, but she spent her youth in Trieste, Italy after her mother fled an unhappy marriage to Fini’s father. As an adult, Fini became well-acquainted with the Surrealist group in Paris, befriending figures such as Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. Her work was exhibited in MoMA’s seminal 1937 â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† show. Fini was taken by the idea of the androgyne, with which she identified. Her lifestyle was in keeping with her unconventional approach to gender, as she lived in a menagetrois with two men for over forty years. She spent summers in a rundown castle on Corsica, where she gave elaborate costume parties, for which her guests would plan for months. Leonor Fini with one of her paintings. Francis Apesteguy/Getty Images Finis work often featured female protagonists in positions of dominance. She illustrated erotic fiction and designed costumes for her friends’ plays. She would also design her own costumes for social events. Her often over-the-top self image was photographed by some of the era’s most well known photographers, including Carl van Vechten. Perhaps Fini’s greatest commercial success was in designing the perfume bottle for Elsa Schiaparellis â€Å"Shocking† perfume. The bottle was made to look like the naked torso of a woman; the design has been mimicked for decades. Dorothea Tanning Dorothea Tanning was born in 1911 and grew up in Galesburg, Illinois, the daughter of Swedish immigrants. Stifled by a strict childhood, the young Tanning escaped into literature, becoming acquainted with the world of European arts and letters through books. Confident that she was destined to become an artist, Tanning dropped out of the Art Institute of Chicago in favor of living in New York. MoMA’s 1937 â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† cemented her commitment to Surrealism. It was not until years later that she became close to some of its key characters, when many moved to New York to escape the growing hostility in Europe due to the Second World War. Portrait of Dorothea Tanning, 1955.   Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images When visiting Tanning’s studio on behalf of his wife Peggy Guggenheim’s â€Å"Art of this Century† Gallery, Max Ernst met Tanning and was impressed with her work. They became fast friends, and eventually married in 1946, after Ernst had divorced Guggenheim. The couple moved to Sedona, Arizona and lived among a cohort of fellow Surrealists. Tanning’s output was varied, as her career spanned around eighty years. Although she is perhaps best known for her paintings, Tanning also turned to costume design, sculpture, prose, and poetry. She has a large body of work consisting of plush humanoid sculptures, which she was known to use in installations throughout the 1970s. She died in 2012 at age 101. Leonora Carrington Leonora Carrington was born in the United Kingdom in 1917. She briefly attended the Chelsea School of Art, then transferred to Londons Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts. She met Max Ernst in her early twenties and soon moved with him to the south of France. Ernst was arrested by the French authorities for being a hostile alien and later by the Nazis for producing degenerate art. Carrington suffered a nervous breakdown and was hospitalized at an asylum in Spain. Her only means of escape was to marry, so she married a Mexican diplomat and left for the United States, where she was reunited with many of the Surrealists in exile in New York. She soon moved to Mexico, where she helped to found the Womens Liberation Movement and ultimately spent the rest of her life. Carringtons work centers on symbols of mysticism and sorcery, and often deals with significant recurring images. Carrington also wrote fiction, including The Hearing Trumpet (1976), for which she is best known. Sculpture by Leonora Carrington in Mexico City.    Meret Oppenheim Swiss artist Meret Oppenheim was born in Berlin in 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War, her family moved to Switzerland, where she began to study art before moving to Paris. It was in Paris that she became acquainted with the Surrealist circle. She knew Andrà © Breton, was briefly romantically involved with Max Ernst, and modeled for Man Ray’s photographs. Oppenheim was best known for her assemblage sculpture, which brought together disparate found objects in order to make a point. She is most famous for her Dà ©jeuner en Fourrure also called Objet, a teacup lined in fur, which was exhibited at MoMA’s â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† and was reportedly the first addition to the collection of the Museum of Modern Art by a woman. Objet became an icon of the Surrealist movement, and though it is responsible for Oppenheim’s fame, its success has often overshadowed her other extensive work, which includes painting, sculpture, and jewelry. Though she was crippled by the early success of Objet, Oppenheim began to work again in the 1950s, after several decades. Her work ËÅ"has been the subject of numerous retrospectives around the world. Often addressing themes of female sexuality, Oppenheim’s work remains an important touchstone for understanding Surrealism as a whole. Dora Maar Dora Maar was a French Surrealist photographer. She is perhaps most famous for her photograph Pà ¨re Ubu, a closeup of an armadillo, which became an iconic image for Surrealism after it was exhibited at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London. Maars career has been overshadowed by her relationship with Pablo Picasso, who used her as muse and model for many of his paintings (most notably his â€Å"Weeping Woman† series). Picasso convinced Maar to close her photography studio, which effectively ended her career, as she was unable to revive her former reputation. However, a significant retrospective of Maars work will open at the Tate Modern in the fall of 2019. Photographs by Dora Maar of her lover, Pablo Picasso.   Getty Images Sources Alexandrian S.  Surrealist Art. London: Thames Hudson; 2007.Blumberg N. Meret Oppenheim. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meret-Oppenheim.Crawford A. A Look Back at the Artist Dora Maar. Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/pro_art_article-180968395/. Published 2018.Leonora Carrington: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Nmwa.org. https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/leonora-carrington.Meret Oppenheim: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Nmwa.org. https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/meret-oppenheim.

U.S. War on Terror and Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. War on Terror and Africa - Essay Example While some causes are internal, others are due to external factors that come as a result of the relationship between Africa and other countries in the world. Examples of major crises that have happened include genocide (e.g. Rwanda genocide of the 90s), rules of dictatorship and recently a string of terrorist attacks among others. The worst blood-letting in the period of the twentieth century happened during the colonial era in King Leopold’s Congo Free State (Leavitt and Nathan 14).The costs of these conflicts cannot be in doubt nor the need and urgency to solve them. This should happen rapidly if Africa is to navigate the current century more successfully than it did the previous century. The last century was marked by colonialism- related degradations and its debilitating legacies and post-colonial disruptions. This paper purposes to advance the understanding of African conflicts that result from terrorism, genocide, and other conflicts and how the United States has respond ed to the same. For over a decade, the United States has considered the Horn of Africa, as well as other parts as a significant zone in matters concerning terrorism. Major terrorist attacks that have occurred in Africa have been linked to other terror attacks in the United States (Ba 341). For example, in 1998 there was bombing of the United States Embassy in Kenya that caused a great number of casualties. Following the attacks that occurred on September 11th 2001 against the United States, the horn has been consistently scrutinised as a strategic focal point in United States War against terrorism. For instance, in May 2003, the government of Kenya admitted that a key member of the al-Qaeda group was plotting a major attack on Western targets, confirming al Gaea’s firm presence in the country. Djibouti’s importance to agents of terrorism is a result of its transit capabilities and events since 1999, may have increased Djibouti’s

Analyzing Messages Carried in an Advertisement Essay

Analyzing Messages Carried in an Advertisement - Essay Example A meticulously construed advertisement has the power to deliver the same meaning to a host of different people through its overwhelmingly powerful imagery and symbolism. The advertisement under discussion (please see Appendix ‘A’) represents a strong combination of visual symbols that produce provocative thought in order to stimulate one to buy. The central symbol or icon is a Lolita who is depicted as being totally nude. The point in using a Lolita is rather simple – creating desire. In the Greek era, young boys embodied the essence of beauty and hence desire. The tale of Narcissus for example tends to highlight that Greek sexuality centered largely on the beauty and desirability of young boys. In a similar manner, modern Western civilization sees young girls as the embodiment of beauty and desire. The concept of Lolita has come to signify the ultimate object of desire for most in the Western world when it comes to sexuality. The advertisement uses this symbol as a central focus for anyone viewing the advertisement so that the concept of desire becomes the theme of this advertisement. In addition using the concept of Lolita has another deeply seated purpose. ... The perfume being advertised is nonetheless meant for the female audience and there would seem little point in creating desire between one woman viewing the advertisement and another posing suggestively naked in it. Rather than promote attraction between women, the advertisement is targeted to the female audience’s sexual sides so that, as mentioned before, female viewers are able to bring their own sexual side into focus. Women viewing this advertisement are provided with a strong statement along with a provocative question. The central icon is without a doubt beautiful and desirable which is a strong statement2. On the other hand, the female viewers of this advertisement ask themselves if they are like this central icon which represents a provocative question. The contention of the advertisement’s designer is to bring forth such a comparison so that the viewer asks themselves what they would require in order to be like the Lolita in the middle of the advertisement. An other thing that needs to be kept in mind when analyzing this advertisement is the projection of a Lolita who is desirable yet unattainable. The image of the girl in the middle hints at this in two different ways – the confident and self-assured look on her face provides one justification while the method she uses to place her arms near her waist signifies her personal assurance. This methodology again is not meant for the male audience but rather for the female audience who are shown a beautiful woman who is playing hard to get. The use of such symbols to provide the image of a beautiful, desirable yet hard to get Lolita is something that nearly every woman from every demographic segment wants to become. It could thus be said that the portrayal of this young

The Strategies To Maintain Building Efficiently Construction Essay

The Strategies To Maintain Building Efficiently Construction Essay Introduction Building maintenance management has always been seen as the Cinderella activity in the construction industry where we shall be continuously done the maintenance work. The maintenance work has always been seen and carried out by the architects, surveyors, engineers or facilities managers in term of function or discipline (Allen, 1993). The maintenance has been required starting from the construction work at the first stage, where the significance of maintenance was not recognized because most early structures were massive, overdesigned, made from natural materials, in an unpolluted atmosphere and wore out very slowly (Allen, 1993). When the maintenance was required, the individual owner was carried out and the maintenance was executed but in term of management is not properly done. The maintenance management was necessary when the advent of landlord-tenant relationships and together with the growth and spread of the population (Allen, 1993). Normally, property owners always endeavor to keep their building maintenance expenditure in the minimum cost but the building must be in good condition and well-maintained (Seeley, 1976). The building maintenance is highly desired but hardly achievable to produce where the maintenance-free, although many work can be done during design stage to minimize the cost of maintenance work. According to the Building Maintenance by Seeley, the building deteriorates at a greater or lesser rate depending on the materials and methods of construction, environments and the use of the building (Seeley, 1976). 2.0 Definition of efficiency and building maintenance The word of efficiency can be defined as an important quality because all ideas are scarce such as time, money and raw material, so they try to keep them while maintaining an acceptable level of output or a general production level. The efficiency would be reducing the amount of waste inputs (n.n. 2012). There many definition of maintenance can be defined. British Standard (BS 3811: 1964) defines maintenance as work undertaken to keep or reinstate every facility that is every part of a site, building and contents to an acceptable standard (British Standards Institution 1964) . Besides that, maintenance can be defined as the improvement of any facilities including every part of a building, services and surrounding according to an adequate standard in order to sustain the value of building facility (Allen, 1993). 3.0 Types of maintenance According to British Standard Institution, maintenance divided into planned and unplanned maintenance where there have preventive and corrective in planned maintenance and unplanned same as an ad-hoc basis because uses when necessary. Planned preventive maintenance is working direct in order to prevent the failure of facility where the maintenance done within the expected life of facility to ensure the facility can be operation continuously (Seeley, 1976) . Planned corrective maintenance where the work performs in order to restore any facility to operation or acceptable standard and unplanned maintenance where we were unpredicted the unforeseen breakdowns or damage occurred by external causes (Seeley, 1976). 4.0 Strategies to maintain building efficiently Building maintenance is an important thing where to preserve the building in its initial stage of the construction. Furthermore, the execution of building maintenance allows the building to operate effectively. The building shall be maintain in order to make sure the building can be retain investment value, an acceptable condition and required standard, looking good appearance of building, generate income for building owner and conserve historical and architectural values of building (Ali et al. 2010). There are some strategies to ensuring the efficiency in building maintenance practices which is; Work schedule Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) Involvement of Building Maintenance Profession during Design Stage Outsourcing 4.1 Work Schedule In future, more people are demanding in term of building care where they are wants their building facility always in good condition and well-maintain. For more efficiency in building maintenance, any property management shall be having work schedule for contractor to maintain each of equipment or building facility. In the building maintenance management process, every organization has their objective in order to success in maintenance work and they were determines the effectiveness of implementation in term of maintenance plans, schedules, controls and improvements (MÃ ¡rquez et al. 2009) Besides that, any organization also can produced checklist for building maintenance such as checklist for air-conditioner, mechanical and electrical, water supply and others. So, when there have several checklists at the particular area, the maintenance workers are easy to do their job where they were just going to the particular area and check any equipment through the checklist whether there have equipment breakdown or not. With have a checklist, the maintenance workers will know when the next checking for that building to do maintenance. Checklist schedule can be done in daily, weekly and monthly based on type of maintenance facility or equipment. It will be more efficiently to the maintenance workers to do their job. 4.2 Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) Next, strategies to maintain the building efficiently is using the computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) where this system is software that contains the information about companys maintenance operations. This system is useful to the company because it will help their maintenance worker to handle the maintenance job become more efficiently (Herbert W. Stanford III, 2010). Other than that, CMMS also can help them to saving the data about maintenance operations where the maintenance worker will alert on the schedule for their inspection on the building maintenance area such as mechanical and electrical equipment, air conditioner, water supply and others. They are also will know when there have some equipment were breakdown or who the maintenance worker was responsible for the job (Ruud, 2009). Normally, CMMS used by companies which have high standard for their maintenance work. In CMMS, there have some package offer included which are a work orders, preventive maintenance, asset management and inventory control. All programs will be easily for maintenance workers to do their job such as scheduling maintenance procedures, tracking relevant information, keeping track of preventive maintenance components and procedures, recording data about equipment, management of tools, materials and others (Herbert W. Stanford III, 2010). 4.3 Involvement of Building Maintenance Profession during Design Stage The design of building structures is an important thing because at initial stage of the construction, the building maintenance profession shall be involved in order to make sure the suitable building design to be designed by architect. The building maintenance profession is not only involved during the construction completed but they shall be involved before the construction start. So, they can consult with the architect to do the suitable design in term of long-term planning and a long-term maintenance on which are predicted by them (Allen, 1993). After the construction is completed, the building maintenance profession is easily to do their maintenance works because the architect are design the building structure according to their planning. When the design of structure is an efficiently, its required to be understands the way how to be used and maintained the building structure. 4.4 Outsourcing Any organizations in the world try looking for new approaches in outsourcing to maintain the building facility or equipment or develop competitive advantage (Campbell, 1995). By outsourcing a particular area of building maintenance to other organization, the in-house organization can maximize their return because their management will be more efficient. Outsourcing also will be an effective way in order to reduce costs, free-up capital and improve quality and service, but outsourcing cannot be seen as an automatic way to be success (Campbell, 1995). Outsourcing also known as contract maintenance where there have a survey done by FM Link, the contracting for unskilled or semi-skilled services such as landscape services and housekeeping was very high which is 65-75%, the use of outsourcing for preventative maintenance was much lower which is 50% or less and for public owners, public schools, universities and others the use preventive maintenance was below 20% (Herbert W. Stanford III, 2010). There are some benefits of outsourcing because these benefits are related to the quality of the products and services provided to the customers (Campbell, 1995). There are some benefits enjoy by organizations which are: Contractors will be performed a good services where they were might be has more specialized the equipment and allowed the contractor to provide a good quality and service at a lower price. When do the outsourcing, the organization may provide a greater flexibility because the outsourced organization are able to operate their maintenance works according to their own plan. The supplier will enjoy personnel depth and sophistication in technical knowledge in particular area and support more specialized proficiencies. When the outsourcing strategy in well-planned, the approaches which can deliver a competitive advantage by allowed company to focus its resources on their business. 5.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, to ensuring the efficiency in building maintenance practices, the approaches will be used in this building maintenance management is expected to reduce the building maintenance costs, to improve the health, safety and satisfaction by the users. All strategy or approaches in building maintenance are easily to the maintenance workers do their job and become more efficiently. When they are doing their maintenance works according to the schedule, then the works become more save the time, the equipment always in good condition, the checklists will be done by the maintenance workers and others. Other than that, the strategy will be used in building maintenance management to ensure the performance of the maintenance works is well-maintained. The maintenance works must be effective and the most important thing is efficient.

Disaster and emergence management program

Disaster Management can be defined as the administration and organization of responsibilities and resources for dealing with all human centered aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, action and recovery in order to reduce the effect of disasters. A disaster can be described as an abrupt, calamitous event that severely cut off the functioning of a society or community and results in material,economic and human or environmental losses. Disaster and emergence management program.This essay focuses on the overall idea of how to manage effectively disasters and emergence cases on a national level so as to minimize losses to people and property. The main objective is to reduce the outcome of the disaster on people,the environment and property. To effectively control events,stop escalation and rehabilitate the affected persons or population in order to speed up recovery. In order for this objective to be archived several measures have to be undertaken and strictly implemented.Be ing prepared for emergencies is of paramount importance since disaster can strike quickly and without warning. Four major steps need to be followed so as to come up with a comprehensive plan that will tackle disasters and emergencies effectively. First of all is the issue of putting in place appropriate public policies and plans that either adjust the repercussions of disasters or lessen their effects on people, property, and infrastructure. This will include proper installation of a coordination,organization and command structure along with efficient competent and capable personnel.In order to reduce the effects of inescapable disasters measures such as carrying out vulnerability analyses updates, following the laid out building codes and regulations,setting up preventive health care and public education have to be set. All these measures have to be integrated in the national and regional development planning and its proficiency will rely on the accessibility of information on haza rds,sudden risks and countermeasures to be taken. These plans are put in place in anticipation of a disaster .The second step is to set up preparedness plan in order to achieve a reasonable level of readiness to counter any emergency situation through programs that reinforce the technical and managerial capacity of organizations, communities and governments. These measures can be described as logistical preparedness to deal with disasters and can be elevated by having response mechanisms and procedures, practice performances, developing long-term and short-term procedures, public education and installing early warning systems.Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring that strategical reserves of water, food, medicines, equipment, and other fundamentals are maintained in cases of national or local calamity. During the preparedness phase, organizations, individuals and governments,build up plans to save lives, reduce disaster damage, and strengthen disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include preparedness procedures; emergency exercises/training; warning tactics; emergency communications machinery; evacuations procedures and training; resource inventories; emergency personnel/contact lists; collective aid agreements; and public education.The third step is the human centered action and it normally involves the humanitarian agencies which are often called upon to deal with instant response and recovery. To be able to act effectively, these agencies must have well versed leaders, competent personnel, sufficient transport and logistical support, pertinent communications, and guidelines for carrying out emergencies. If the needed preparations have not been made, the humanitarian agencies will not be able to handle the imminent needs of the people.There is also the issue of response which aims at providing instantaneous assistance so as to maintain life,encourage the morale of the affected community and enhance health Such contribution may range f rom providing specific but limited aid, such as helping refugees with transport, impermanent shelter, and food, to establishing temporary settlement in camps and other locations. It also may involve primal repairs to damaged substructure. The main focus of this step is to meet the basic needs of the population until more lasting and sustainable solutions can be established.Ashman, John. (1995. ). The final stage of the disaster management plan is the recovery stage. As the emergency is brought under manageable levels, the affected population is notable of embarking on an increasing number of activities targeted at restoring their lives and the substructure that helps them. There is no particular point at which instant relief changes into recovery and then into long-term bearable development. There will be numerous opportunities during the recovery period to enhance anticipation and increase readiness, thus lessening vulnerability.Ideally, there should be a smooth change over from re covery to on-going development. Recovery activities go on until all systems are back to normalcy or better. Recovery plans, both long and short term, include returning crucial life-support systems to minimal operating standards; semi-permanent housing; public information; adequate health and safety education; rebuilding; counseling programs; and economic effect studies. Information resources and services include data collection and review related to reconstruction, and documentations of lessons acquired. Ashman, John.(1995. )Feinstein, R. (1989/90, 5(1) ).The capacity of human resource involved in a disaster management program especially on a national level can not be quantified. There are numerous stakeholders that are involved and must be integrated for it to be a success such as decision makers,policy makers, professionals ,administrators, (architects, engineers and others at various levels) financial institutions (banks,house financing institutions, insurance,) and NGOs and volu ntary organizations. The same applies to financial and material resources which are vast.In the case of finances professional accountants should be involved so that they can clearly evaluate th possible extent of financial damage resulted by different types of disasters including the verification of estimates and valuation of disaster affected assets. They evaluate the different options of coping with disaster from the financial perspective and advise, devise and evaluate different procedures for assuring that resources would be available for disaster mitigation at the right time and place needed.The accountants should also advise on alternative strategies for post-disaster management and rehabilitation with specific regard to assuring financial security to the affected, availability and proper use of financial resources for bringing forth new economic opportunities etc. Institute of Education, Library and Media Services,(June 1996. )