The Most Important Way Of Serving Our Country - 829 Words

Unlike reputable and concurrent philosophers like Nel Noddings, Martha Nussbaum, Elliot Turiel etc., Gulen’s philosophy initially was not evaluated nor acknowledged by contemporary philosophers and academic institutions, instead his ideas was accepted by local people and put into action immediately by his followers. While the world has no shortage of educational models or theories, distinguished feature of the educational philosophy of Gulen is the fact that it has not remained in speeches or books only (Hunt Aydogan 2007). The Number of followers and institutions steadily has outgrown its originating country,Turkey and spread around the world.unification can struggle against these. As ignorance is the most serious problem, it must be opposed with education, which always has been the most important way of serving our country. Gulen in his speeches identifies three major problems for humanity in today’s world, our three greatest enemies are ignorance, poverty, and an internal schism. Knowledge, work capital, and Now that we live in a global village, education is the best way to serve humanity and to establish a dialogue with other civilizations (Gulen 2006). Hence as Mr. Gulen shared his beliefs, his ideas and his vision for humanity his primary focus has been always education. Gulen’s educational vision involve not only schools, but also families, communities, and media. All major components of society must be aligned in the work of educating youth in all beneficialShow MoreRelatedWhy We Need Leaders of Integrity in Government Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesabout how our government leaders have failed their duties? How many times do we hear tales of leaders dealing below the board, working on their own agenda or for their own enjoyment, rather than working for the people that they serve? From the president of our country to lowly mayors of small towns, there are numerous examples of leaders that have failed to properly guide our country because of their irresponsible personal choices. Even though some people blame the system for flaws in our governmentRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Benefits Of Community Service And The Success Of Service1605 Words   |  7 PagesMahatma Gandhi once proclaimed, â€Å"The best way to find yourself is to lose yours elf in the service of others.† Serving others, more commonly known as volunteering, means to freely offer to do something out of the kindness of one’s heart. From helping serve at a local food shelter to going on a mission trip to Costa Rica, there are a variety of serving opportunities around every corner. For centuries, service has shown its importance through a plethora of benefits to both the individual and the worldRead MoreJesus : A Life Of Humility982 Words   |  4 PagesJesus, Jesus, the Son of God, the Most High King, Lord of Lords, never placed himself in a position above others. He led by serving, and He loved by serving. He washed feet. He fed thousands. He walked to visit and heal the sick and dead. He stopped to touch and heal a sick woman. He spent time with those no one else cared to spend time with. Jesus lived a life of humility. But what does really serving others mean? According to community.blogspot.com, serving others means being unselfish, and doingRead MoreIntroduction to Starbucks Case Study1722 Words   |  7 Pagessent to Milan to attend an international housewares show in Italy. When he arrived, Schultz found himself infatuated with the exciting coffee culture of Italy. Schultz went to Verona and had his first caffe latte. But he observed something more important than the coffee. The cafe customers were chatting and enjoying themselves while sipping their coffees in the elegant surroundings. That’s when Schultz was struck with an inspirational idea. Why not create community gathering places like the greatRead MoreServing God, Serving Others937 Words   |  4 PagesServing God, Serving others Many people don’t understand how important serving is. I have found that at some schools, serving is important and is required to graduate. Service is the action of helping or doing work for someone. Serving can help others learn more about the world and help them position into a mature adult. Although service is required sometimes, people should serve by choice. Service hours are designed to help students grow in a relationship with God as well as discovering new waysRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women960 Words   |  4 Pagesand control that we use in many ways. We all know that society has always portrayed women as emotional creatures. Our emotions are stepping stones to help us do what is right whether standing up for ourselves and countries, building and supporting our families and even getting what is best for us. One advantage is that women do not have to fight in combat. Now more than ever, women are being allowed to make great strides in participating in protecting our country. This has not always been the caseRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s A Great Author 1080 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol that we use in many ways. We all know that society have always portrayed women as emotional creatures but woman have learned to use their emotions as different advantages in their lives. Our emotions are stepping stones to help us do what is right whether if it is standing up for ourselves and countries, building and supporting our families and even sometimes using our emotions to get what is best for us. A great author, Maya Angelou, showed us all the ways that our advantages have been encouragedRead MoreSelfless Service Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesenforce your core human morals. All seven values are important to keep close to your heart; however the one that sticks out to me the most is Selfl ess Service. Field Manual 7-22.7 defines selfless service as; â€Å"Putting the welfare of the Nation, the Army and your soldiers before your own†. In my opinion there are three main focal points in living up to the Army Value of selfless service. The first is devoting your efforts toward the needs of the country. Second is always putting your Soldiers needsRead MoreThe American Dream1652 Words   |  7 Pagessought after like the fountain of youth by immigrants. The history of America is sewed with different immigrant groups fleeing their own country in order for a better life in the new world. Through libertarian ideals, rights and duties guaranteed by our Constitution, the American dream, education ideals and individualization, America are still a growing country that is currently evolving based on changing ethnic and cultural identities. Learned Hand was an American scholar and Court of Appeals JudgeRead MoreThe Importance of Accountability in the Army Essay examples1526 Words   |  7 Pagestrack of money is so if there is ever a time where a lot of money goes missing you would be able to look at the accounts transactions. Ways you can help improve accountability is have every person’s phone number. You can also make a log book so whenever anyone goes somewhere they would have to sign out of that log book. And also the buddy system is a good way to find out where someone would be. I think the whole reason for having accountability is so we get to work on time, so we stay safe and

America s Most Important Events - 1959 Words

Aaron Lozano Professor Smith History 102 3 December 2015 One of America’s Most Important Events Sometimes a boss can be really hard on a particular employee. They may seem to just pick on them such as giving them the hard work or just being very demanding and rude to them. The boss can only act like that for a certain amount of time before the employee finally decides to do something about it. They can do something simple like just leaving the job, or if they get extremely frustrated, they can do something to get their boss back for everything. This was the case between America, the employee, and Britain, the boss, in the late 1700s. Britain was being extremely harsh on America, Boston especially, for quite some time, and Boston eventually had enough of it. Boston reacted on December 16, 1773. The Sons of Liberty dressed up as Native Americans to aboard ships from the East India Tea Company and dumped over 300 chests of their tea into the Boston Harbor. This cost Britain over $1,000,000 in American currency today (History.com). This act is now known as the Boston Tea Party. This act did a lot more for America than one might think. It was the largest act of rebellion they did to date because of how much it cost Britain. It really made Britain mad and it raised the tension between the two putting war that much closer. This massive act also gave a lot of confidence to America because they now saw themselves as being closer to equals. They were not just a â€Å"baby brother†Show MoreRelatedThe Sixties : The Great Shift Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesSchulman was making. This book was about the 1970’s in America and the changes that occurred during the decade. Just like in the title a change in culture, society, and politics. Schulman talks about the rise of liberalism in America after WW2. He talks about that briefly, than points out the importance of the 1968 Nixon presidential campaign. About how he pushed away from the government and more towards the private sector. Schulman mentions that the 70â €™s were nicknamed or known as â€Å"the lost decade†.Read MoreThe Spanish American War965 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish-American War was the event that placed the United States of America on the world stage. It showed the world the United States militaries might and strength and proved that the United States could back up their beloved Monroe Doctrine. It placed America as an Imperialistic Nation, which was one idea looked down upon by so many of its citizens. This war and its effect on the world had its pros and cons, but one thing is unarguably for certain, this event changed the way America has been viewed by theRead MoreThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 PagesRodena Woods –History 102- 12/12/15- Final Essay How did the events from the later 1960’s and through the 1970’s contribute to cynicism and mistrust toward the nation’s leaders, especially those in politics? The unexpected occurrences of the late 1960 s through the 1970’s led to a broad form of skepticism and distrust toward the countries leaders in a number of ways. The occurrences that impacted how Americans looked at the nation’s leader was complete disillusionment. They felt this way becauseRead MoreEssay on Slavery In American History1430 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to some important events before 19th century in United States, we must mention the Abolition Movement, which began in 1930s, and ended with Emancipation Proclamation. Just like our textbook---A Short History of the American Nation,  ¡Ã‚ °No reform movement of this era was more significant, more ambiguous in character, or more provocative of later historical investigation than the drive to abolish slavery. ¡Ã‚ ± Abolition Movement was not only meaningful to itself, that is, slavery was abolishedRead MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanations. The need to resolve important everyday questions, such as; what controlled their environment, or, what system of morality is needed to best promote the stability of the tribe, meant that for early peoples, some response was required, so some people within started to come up withRead MoreThe Social, Economic, and Political Implications of the Conquest and Colonization of the Americas1040 Words   |  5 Pagesconquest and colonization of the Americas is very complex. The social, economic, and political issues and circumstances that took place many years ago are the foundation of who America is today. Most Americ ans do not realize how many people were affected by immigration, or understand the real struggles and sacrifices that the indigenous people and the colonists made for the freedoms we have today. During these historical events, many cultural, social, and economical events were impacted. HistoricalRead More Asian American Essay738 Words   |  3 Pages The American Community in the 1900amp;#8217;s to the 1920amp;#8217;s was in fact a totally different generation than its successor not only because of cultural and economic reasons but also because of world events and the rise of technology. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Americans in the early 1900amp;#8217;s were a closely knit generation with a sense of community, morals, and obligations. They had an quot;instilledquot; set of ideals and values and their lives were very much affected byRead MoreThe Settlement Of Jamestown : A Historic Event1013 Words   |  5 Pages1600’s a historic event took place. The settlement of Jamestown happen. Jamestown is located on an island in the James River, hence the name. This was known as the first permanent English settlement in the New World, which was a big deal. This settlement showed that people would be able to live and survive in the United States. It proved that England could sustain itself even so far from its origin. The settlement of Jamestown was one of the most important historic events to happen in America. Read MoreWorld Leadership: Divided Between Cultures, Not Between Countries864 Words   |  4 Pagesend of World War II, the United States of America has emerged as the newest form of empire, and has been in conflict with various types of nations, despite the fact it has never been in the position of actually defending its geographical territories. Many do not contest the fact that America is a new form of empire; yet, its actions and policy towards exercising world leadership are questioned and criticized. Charles Krauthammer (2003) argues that America has the right to this leadership because itRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 PagesHBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America†. Sports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their

Farmers dbq free essay sample

Although the farmers had plausible arguments for most of their criticisms, their beliefs of the silver standard and overproduction sometimes could not be backed up. However, rammers continued to struggle between inevitable issues like the currency debate, constant debt and rising costs. The debate over United States currency was a huge obstacle for farmers to overcome because they were in direct relation to the money crisis.In 1890 and 1 892 with the Call and Omaha Platforms, farmers wanted free and unlimited coinage of silver so they could pay off any debt. A chart showing United States Population and Money in Circulation in 1865-1895 (Document C), shows how after a period of less money in circulation in the sass was solved in the 1 sass by the Bland-Allison Act which was later replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890. Both of these acts were passed in Congress to provide free coinage of silver. The reasoning for the silver standard in the Populist platform in 1892 (Document A) was justified by the same reasoning as William Jennings Bryan in his Cross of Gold speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Farmers dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both describe how the conspiracy that the gold standard is better because England still uses it questions why America became an independent nation. However, he farmers still remained defeated on the currency debate because of the gold bug president gaining control of office. One of the biggest struggles for the farmers was not being able to pay off debt.They borrowed extravagant amounts of money from the bank at high interest rates, but this complaint was reasonable because one could not be a farmer without taking these risks. During Grover Cleveland second non- consecutive year in office a horrible four-year depression occurred called the Panic of 1893. This panic was caused by over speculation in the stock market ND over expansion of railroads; both of these decisions made by the eastern president, Cleveland. As depicted in A Farmers Voice, a Chicago newspaper, (Document D) an eastern leader, Cleveland, takes his western slaves, the farmers, to the courthouse because the farms have been foreclosed. Farm foreclosures, a twenty percent unemployment rate and the cause for Cleveland to return to the gold standard, were effects of the Panic of 1893. Ultimately, this depression added to the unavoidable obstacle of debt.

Natural Blends Inc Essay Example

Natural Blends Inc Essay NATURAL BLENDS Inc Here we have 3 processes to consider, the Extraction, Filtration and Concentration. Extraction has a maximum capacity of 20,000 lbs/hr Filtration has a maximum capacity of 20,000 lbs/hr Concentration has a maximum capacity of 18,000 lbs/hr For Extraction we have a setup time of 20 minutes. For Filtration we have a setup time of 30 minutes after 90 minutes of filtration. For Concentration there is no setup time loss. The processes are simultaneous in nature, and there is no buffer in between. So, if there is a shutdown of a single process, the entire system shuts down. Now, if we do consider a 2 hour time slot, then there will be effectively production for 1 and ? hours due to filtration setup time: For Extraction: The maximum production is 30,000 lbs. For Filtration: The maximum production is 30,000 lbs. For Concentration: The maximum production is 27,000 lbs. So the bottle neck operation is the Concentration process and the production rate will be 13,500 lbs/hour. A cycle is completed in 2hrs. PART A Assumption: We are considering that since oranges are of same type the bin will be changed after 3 and ? rs of production. The bin will be changed when the Filtration process will be stopped to change filter. Hence, saving valuable time. 1a. Amount of orange production possible in 1 day (8 Hrs) =13500*8=108000 lbs There is a loss of utilization time of 30 mins (due to filtration process) per 2 hours of the whole system. 1b. The idle time for the extraction process in a day would be = (1/2)*4= 2 hours We see that there is a bottle neck condition in th e Concentration process, so we will install a storage capacity in between Filtration and Concentration. a. We will add storage tank between step 3 and step 4. The capacity of tank will be 3000 lbs. 2b. If we add storage tank between step 2 and step 3, then The maximum production of Extraction process is 20,000lbs/hr. The maximum production of Filtration is also 20,000lbs/hr. But Filtration works for only 90 min. So effective production rate is =20,000*1. 5 =30,000lbs for 2 hrs i. e. 15,000/hr considering a cycle of 2 hrs the maximum production of Extraction is 40,000 lbs and that of Filtration is 30,000. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Blends Inc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Blends Inc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Blends Inc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus a tank of capacity 5,000lbs can be added between them. But adding tank between Extraction and Filtration will not increase the daily production. When a storage tank is added between Filtration and Concentration, Now for 2 hours slot, we see that there is a processing deficit of 3000(30,000-27,000) lbs. So we install storage of capacity 3000lbs. This will increase the daily production. Daily production= 30,0004= 120,000 lbs Thus there is increase of 12,000lbs/day after adding a storage tank. 3a. Additional fixtures of $20,000 for Filtration process and $10,000 for Extraction should be done to maximize the output. 3b. As discussed in question 2a and 2b the capacity of storage tank, which can be added between Filtration and Concentration should be 3,000lbs. The cost of construction of tank is given as $30/lbs. Hence the total cost for construction of storage tank will be 30 x 3000= $90,000, and the production will increase to 120,000 lbs/day. When additional fixtures are added in Filtration and Extraction process the setup time will reduce by 50% i. . the setup time for Extraction will be 10 min and that for Filtration will be 15 min. So our 2 hour cycle will be reduced to 1 hr 45min cycle. So an additional 1 hr will be available for production. Now number cycle per day will increase to= 8/1. 75= 4. 57 cycles per day. The production in one cycle will be same i. e. 27,000lbs. Hence the daily production will increase to 27,000 x 4. 57= 123,390 lbs The cost of improvement will be $20,000 for Filtration and $10,000 for extraction. Hence total cost will be $30,000. PART B Assumption: Since the amount of different sizes of oranges processed should be equal in a week and each size should be processed at least once per day, we can consider the following schedule; DAY0-2hrs2-4 hrs4-6 hrs6-8 hrs 1BAAC 2C BBA 3A CCB 4BCCA 5CBBA 6ACCB Where A, B and C represents large, medium and small oranges respectively, such that A=B=C 4a. The setup change in Extraction will happen for three times. 4b. As seen in the above schedule the setup is changed for 3 times. 4c. The quantity of oranges of particular size which will be processed before switching to other size will be 54,000 pounds. The maximum time same size of oranges will be processed is 4 hrs. The production for 2hr cycle is 27,000lbs, hence the maximum quantity is 54,000lbs. 4d. The total amount of juice concentrate processed is 108,000 lbs. as the production for 1 cycle of 2 hrs is 27,000lbs and there are 4 such cycles hence total production will be 108,000 lbs Submitted by:- Joydeep Mukherjee Rejo Matthew Tushar Deshmukh Vinay Panwar

Sin and Punishment in Relation to Satan and Human Being Essays

Sin and Punishment in Relation to Satan and Human Being Essays Sin and Punishment in Relation to Satan and Human Being Essay Sin and Punishment in Relation to Satan and Human Being Essay Man is generally known in both psychological and theoretical aspect is imperfect due to his innate nature. This idea is mainly attributed to the fact that it is stated in the Bible that humanity themselves became imperfect though they are created to be the other way. This is actually because of the event of when the first man and woman committed the first and one of the most unforgivable sins in the whole theoretical history of man. This is the first defiance of the man to God’s will and command in direct association with the two thus together with the fall of the first man and woman is the fall of the whole humanity following them in imperfection. From birth, man has already unconsciously committed sin through inheritance and this sin thus, originally he is already made imperfect. Also from this state, man’s continuous pursuit in life is deeply embedded with many pitfalls and downfalls that from it man, through lack of faith and with imperfect discretion, is bounded to fall one way or another thus resulting him to committing sins. For human philosophy and even with the expression from the bible’s historical events, sin or fault is naturally with direct connotation to the idea of punishment. This punishment principle is like a bargaining deal that states that whatever is loss through fault is punishable with compensatory damages to the one committed it (Newbolt, 2005). Thus, because of humanity’s imperfection, they are more likely to commit sin and be punish for it because of which, they strongly needs divine guidance in their course for purification and atonement for their aim of salvation. Sin and Punishment min Relation to Satan It is embedded in the historical facts of the Bible that the first downfall of humanity through the state of imperfection is through the direct defiance of the first man and woman to the direct command of God. This action resulted to their punishment of stripping off their perfected state and letting them endure the hardship of life for survival and the atonement of their sin. However, in one aspect, this defiance that is explicitly stated in this paper can also be attributed to another intervention causing the enactment of the said serious sin. This is the temptation done by the devil generally called Satan in most religious principles. Satan, is originally and contextual mean accuser, slanderer, liar and an adversary of the truth and all the good things in life (Pagels, 1989; Wikipedia, 2006). His aims and purpose is to cause humanity to commit sin and recruit them to his falsehood together with his condemnation. His main existence is to test the faith of humanity to God and their endurance to stay in the path of righteousness by creating pitfalls for them to stumble on. However, Satan is known to be purposely created by God to be his servant and one of his main servants. According to the Bible, Satan at first was created to be an angel with perfect and beautiful form to aid His biddings and His divine plan for the world and the humanity. However though, Satan the angel has fallen because of his own sin and started the rebellion for him to gain divined powers and superiority because of his aims to be the Supreme Being (Pagels, 1989). Thus, because of his own sin he was punished with condemnation that is equally commensurable to the crime and wickedness he committed in the first place giving him the title of the devil and an enemy of the truth. Just like what he did in his rebellion in heaven, which is his recruitment of allies to his own downfall, he is still doing the same though with different purpose and different targets. Satan the devil’s presence is with the humanity leading them to the same path, which is in just like what he did with t he first man and woman. He is continuously urging humanity to commit sin and punishable errors against God and His righteous Laws and setting up traps and pitfalls for them to prevent them from purifying themselves and atoning for their sins both that of they inherited and committed in their personal lives. Conclusion From the previously stated argument, it is explicitly expressed that the sin and downfall of humanity in imperfection can be directly attributed to the intervention of Satan the Devil himself by shifting to different forms. In addition, since it is explicitly stated in the bible that Satan the Devil himself is residing in the world together with the humanity, his threats and the dangers he post is very evident with humanity’s sin as also attributed by their imperfect discourse. Thus, Satan the Devil can be argue to have a direct connection with humanity as they are residing in the same place because of which, he can directly affect their minds and hearts and lure them to sinful lives and condemnation. Since humanity has already been made imperfect, their defense against Satan the Devil’s lure and threats became apparently weak and they can be easily persuaded to commit sin. However, their faith to God and their adherence to the principles explicitly stated and deeply embedded in the Bible, they can strengthen this defense and resist against Satan’s influences thus achieving forgiveness for their sins and be purified to perfection once again. Bibliography Linthicum, Robert C. City of God, City of Satan. Zondervan. ISBN: 0310531411. April, 1991. Newbolt, W. C. E. The Phenomena of the Punishment of Sin and of Redemption. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN: 1425476627.   December, 2005. Pagels, Elaine. Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. Vintage; Vintage Books Edition. ISBN: 0679722327. September, 1989. Wikipedia. Satan. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. November, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan. November 18, 2006.

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study High School social studies typically consist of three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Following is an overview of these required courses along with electives one might find at a typical high school. Sample High School Social Studies Plan of Study Year One: World History The World History course is obviously a true survey course. Due to time constraints, students typically get just a taste of the various cultures and their history from around the world. The most powerful world history curriculum is one which builds connections between world cultures. World history follows a progression as follows: Prehistory and Early ManFirst civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China)Greece and RomeMedieval China and JapanMedieval Era in EuropeRenaissance and Reformation in EuropeModern Era AP World History is the standard replacement for World History. This course is considered an introductory advanced placement social studies course. Year Two: Electives This plan of study assumes that only three full year credits are required in social studies for graduation. Therefore, this year is one in which students often take any desired social studies electives.This list is not meant to be exhaustive but instead representative of a typical high school. Psychology or AP PsychologySociologyWorld GeographyAP Comparative Government Year Three: American History The American History course differs in many locations. Some have American History in high school cover the time period beginning with the American Civil War while others have it begin at the beginning. In this curriculum example, we begin with a brief review of exploration and discovery before jumping into the colonial era. One of the main purposes of the American History course is to highlight the root causes and interconnections of many events that arose throughout Americas past. Connections are highlighted along with the dynamics of group interaction, the building of a national identity, the rise of social movements, and the growth of federal institutions. AP American History is the standard replacement for American History. This course covers topics that range from discovery and exploration through the most recent presidential administrations. Year Four: American Government and Economics Each of these courses normally lasts for one-half of the year. Therefore, they are typically placed together although there is no reason that they have to follow each other or be completed in a particular order. American Government: American Government provides students the basic understanding of the institutions and functions of government in America. Students learn about the foundations of American Government and then focus on the institutions themselves. Further, they learn about the ways that they can get involved and participate in government.​ Check out this  American Government Course Outline.AP American Government replaces American Government. This course typically covers the same topics as American Government but in greater depth. Emphasis is placed on interpretation, synthesis, and analysis of governmental policies and institutions.Economics:  In Economics students learn key economic concepts such as scarcity, supply and demand, and major economic theories. Students then focus on the way that the American government interacts with the American economy. The last portion of the course is spent on real-world applications of economic concepts. Students do not only learn basi c consumer economics but also details about savings and investing. AP Macroeconomics and/or AP Microeconomics replaces Economics. This advanced placement course focuses less on consumer economics and more on a typical undergraduate level of economic theory.

Delegating Responsibilities Is the Key to Effective Management Assignment - 1

Delegating Responsibilities Is the Key to Effective Management - Assignment Example This study outlines that delegating ensures that the manager has adequate time for other responsibilities such as monitoring progress, supervision, and decision-making. According to Dubrin, delegation helps the manager to delegate tasks that are low priority and not urgent, which give the manager adequate time to accomplish high priority projects that have short deadlines. The delegation also assists the manager in completing tasks at a faster pace. For example, if the manager is undertaking a project that requires research, he can delegate portions of the research topic to the employees. The employees can perform the research while he concentrates on analyzing the findings, drawing conclusions and making the decisions. Similarly, when undertaking a project, the group is able to complete the project swiftly because the manager breaks down the work and assigns it to different people ensuring that the project gets done quickly and the team can move on to another project. From this paper, it is clear that delegation ensures that the team undertakes more projects which increases productivity. During the delegation process, the manager must pair a task to the individual that can perform it best. For instance, the task to analyze media content about the company cannot be assigned to an individual that hardly has an online presence. Similarly, it would be a waste of time to ask the head of the IT department to complete that task. However, a young intern would be enthusiastic about spending their day online analyze the citing or media appearances of the company online. Matching an individual with the correct skills for the correct task increases the productivity level because everyone produces the best results for the assigned task.

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the supply chain Essay

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the supply chain implications for an organisation) - Essay Example Along with fulfilling the demand there must be the management of inventory where the inventory level is not that much as compare to the cost of holding the inventory rises. The business cycles are determined where there are booms and slumps and the ways that are integrated strategically to smoothen the business cycle. The implications of getting green chain and the strategies how the green chain can be followed are kept in mind. The benefits and the disadvantages of having a green chain along with the challenges faced in getting a green supply chain are discussed. The risks associated with the supply chain are elaborated and the sufficient measures along with strategies that can be followed to minimize the risks. The time associated with some of the factors that are applied in the supply chain in order to get benefit from it and how the benefit can be utilized is discussed. 1) The Beer Game For the better understanding of the supply chain where the phenomenon of buying and selling is elaborated, a game is observed. A beer company is made and the supply chain is created. The different factors of the supply chain are understood better when they were applied and the inventory level changed accordingly. It is basically about elaboration of demand and supply for the product creating the cause for change in the inventory level in the company. The inventory level was managed by the management of the company in such a way that they do not run out of stock. The proper management of the inventory and handling of the demand and supply shall impact the management of the inventory. The risks of not been able to fulfill the demand are associated with the inventory level where the company runs out of stock and the customers’ orders cannot be satisfied (Simon, et al., 2000). On the other hand where the demand of the product is not appropriately ascertained and the company holds much more inventories then needed and incurs a holding cost. The difficulties faced included the poor management of the inventory as a result of late orders and delays along with the poor estimate of the demand of the product. Supply Chain Behavior Theory The theory of supply management consists of three elements which are description, prescription and the identification of alleged trends which were completely ignored in the beer game hence causing issues to rise (John, et al., 2006). Supply chain management and purchasing are often termed as similar which is ambiguous. Supply chain management is a much wider term including the operation management and logistics that the company uses in order to rotate a complete business cycle from purchasing to selling. When the company shifts from descriptive to prescriptive, problems rise. The prescriptive is more like a prescription which involves the working characteristics of the supply chain management. The trends analyst considers co operations rather than competitions. The trend identification is better observed in measuring the p erformance of the various factors of the su

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Essay Example for Free

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Essay The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act or HIPAA got enacted in the year 1996 by U. S Congress. The first title of HIPAA offers protection to the workers as well as the families when they decide to change their jobs or incase they lose jobs. The second title of HIPAA which is also known as Administrative Simplification does require for establishments of the national standards of electronic care transactions, employers, the plans of health insurance and the national providers. This paper hence gives limelight to what HIPAA is all about and the people who ought to comply with the standards of HIPAA. HIPPA which was enacted in the year 1996 does require the HHS secretary to publicize all the standards for electronic exchange, security of the health information as well as privacy. The new standards are integral and are developed in order to offer protection to the integrity, confidentiality as well as the availability of the health information (Department of health Human services, n. d). In the past there were no any standards that offered uniform and comprehensive protection of the health information. The new HIPAA’S security standards will offer correct access of health information by the health providers, health plans, clearinghouses offering the appropriate safety measures against dissemination and misuse. The Electronic Signature Standard will offer a reliable way to assure there is message integrity, non repudiation and authentication. The covered entities ought to comply with the standards of HIPAA. The covered entities comprise of Health plans, health providers who do transmit any health information through electronic form and the Health Care Clearinghouses (Department of Health Human Services, n. d). The health plans include group or individual plans that offer or pay costs of the medical care which are covered in the entities. They comprise of vision, dental, vision, drug insurers, health organizations and maintenance, Medicaid, Medicare as well as the long term insurers (HIP, 2008). They also include the church and government sponsored health plans, employer groups and others. Every health provider who does transmit the health information electronically is also covered by this entity. The healthcare clearing houses are those entities that do process some of the nonstandard information that they do receive from other entities to a standard. The main benefits of HIPAA regulations to the healthcare organizations are the fact that the standardization of the electronic data will improve the transfer of information between the provider and the payer. Also HIPAA is beneficial as the codification of standards of the electronic data will trigger the medical providers to effectually move their medical services to the internet(Bureau for Medical Services, 2008). HIPAA will also offer the healthcare organizations with a prospect to simplify as well as streamline their infrastructure and operations offering important savings potential. With the implementation of the standards of HIPAA the administrative needs might decrease. The standards of HIPAA do not apply to the employers, casualty, life, disability and workers insurers as well as other health information users. The major goal of HIPAA’s privacy rule is to make sure that the individual’s information on health is protected and there is flow of the health information that is required to offer as well as promote quality healthcare in order to offer protection to the well being of the public. The privacy rule offers protection to people seeking healing and care and given the fact that the marketplace for healthcare is quite diverse, this rule is hence designed in a comprehensive and flexible way to cover disclosures and uses that ought to be addressed.

SC college Info :: essays research papers

University of South Carolina-Columbia Applying: % Applications Admitted: 67%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had H.S. GPA 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 12/15/Previous Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $7,314  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour (In-State): $324 *Health professions have higher undergraduate fees. Financial Aid Distribution: 56% (Scholarships/Grants), 44% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 89%. Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 520-620 SAT Reasoning Math: 520-630 ACT Composite: 22-27 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: SAT Reasoning Test or ACT w/writing. Very Important Admission Factors: secondary school records, standardized test scores. Considered: recommendations, talent/ability. High School Preparation: 19 units required. (AP) Policy: Good AP exam scores gain college credit. Clemson University Applying: % Applications Admitted: 69%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had H.S. GPA 3.0 or higher. Priority Application Deadline: 12/01/--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 05/01/Year After  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $8,816 (In-state annual) + $1,600 average for required laptops. Financial Aid Distribution: 52% (Scholarships/Grants), 48% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 34% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 540-640 SAT Reasoning Math: 570-660 ACT Composite: 24-28 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: SAT Reasoning Test w/writing component or ACT w/writing component.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SAT II Subject Tests considered if submitted. Very Important Admission Factors: class rank, secondary school records, standardized test scores, state residency. Important Admission Factors: alumni relation. Considered: essay, recommendations, talent/ability. High School Preparation: 19 units required. (AP) Policy: AP exam scores of 3, 4, or 5 gain college credit. University of Maryland-Baltimore Applying: % Applications Admitted: 70%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had GPA of 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Priority Application Deadline: 11/01/--  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 02/01/Next Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $8,520 (In-state annual)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour: $270   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $16,596 (Out-of-State annual)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour: $606 Financial Aid Distribution: 51% (Scholarships/Grants), 49% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 60% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 540-650 SAT Reasoning Math: 580-670 ACT Composite: 22-28 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: essay(s), SAT Reasoning Test w/ or w/o writing component or ACT w/writing. Very Important Admission Factors: secondary school records, standardized test scores. Important Admission Factors: class rank, essay, recommendation. Considered: character/personal qualities, extracurricular activities, interview, talent/ability, volunteer work, work experience. High School Preparation: 22 units required. (AP) Policy: Good AP Exam scores gain college credit. Johns Hopkins University-Baltimore Applying: % Applications Admitted: 30%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had GPA 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 11/15/Previous Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $32,120 (In & Out-of-State annual) Financial Aid Distribution: 79% (Scholarships/Grants), 21% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 100% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 640-730 SAT Reasoning Math: 660-760 ACT Composite: 27-32 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: essay(s), SAT Reasoning w/ or w/o writing component or ACT w/ or w/o writing, SAT II Subject Test recommended. Very Important Admission Factors: character/personal qualities, essay, recommendation, secondary school

Favorite Family Get-Together

Getting together with family is something that most of us look forward to. Throughout the years our family has grown with all sorts of personalities, Making every get-together fun, interesting, and memorable. Even though I see my family quite often, our get-togethers are always quite entertaining. While we celebrate birthdays, holidays, special occasion, and new or old traditions, By far my three favorite are my mom's birthday, pumpkin carving contest, and New Year's.My first favorite family get together is my mom's birthday. No matter what day the week her birthday is my siblings and I always managed to gather our families enjoying my mom for dinner. It's indescribable how happy that makes her. We bring her favorite dish and pastry. At the dinner table we take turns to express our gratitude and I love for my mom. Throughout the night we gathered up and see her open the gift and read the card her grandkids made for her. Every year is a blessing to be able to enjoy that moment.My seco nd favorite family get together is our pumpkin carving contest. We came up with this tradition couple of years ago. Teams are formed by family and their kids, we help them carve their pumpkin into any character or picture of their choice. To make it fun we give out prices for the winning pumpkin. The children get so involved and become competitive that the competition gets quite interesting. The losers end up cleaning the mess left over from the carving process it became more popular with the kids as they grow older.The competition became more serious. But at the end of the contest everyone goes home with a great carved pumpkins. My third favorite family get together with the New Year's day. Our family celebrates not only for the upcoming new year But also for the year that ends. The children play throughout the night and the adults just relax, Conversation; Making it seem like we rarely see each other throughout the year. My family only consists of my immediate family.Making it mor e meaningful, private, and warming. The countdown to the new year is by far the best. We get in spirit, putting on hats, glasses, beads of the upcoming new year numbers. As a family we end the year and we welcome the new year with popping streamers, and loud horns, The most importantly as a family. Throughout the years our family get-togethers have become memorable. Celebrating birthdays traditional events and holidays makes our little families become one.

Environmental Ethics and Eco-Tourism

IntroductionIn the last few decennaries, bookmans have begun to develop the subject of planetary environmental moralss. In making so, they have encountered two obstructions. First, much environmentalism cloaks itself in the discourse of prudence and security, and therefore, ethical concerns are hard to place. Second, when bookmans do acknowledge ethical issues, they explain them in footings of how people treat the nonhuman universe and progress a bio-centric or eco-centric moral esthesia. This is a job to the grade that it neglects infinite cases of environmental unfairness that involve the manner humans treat each other, utilizing nature as a medium ( Wapner & A ; Matthew, 2009, p. 203 ) . A new field of environmental consciousness has progressively as a chief attending in doctrine, the possible rational involvement particularly for geographers. Since so the environmental moralss began with a few influential articles and monographs published in the early 1970s. In 1979, so took off near the bend of the decennary with a new diary, environmental moralss launched, and increased in the eightiess with a aggregation of literatures increasing by the latter portion of the decennary. As we concerned, environmental moralss is potentially be fluent in some of the most profound inquiries that confront late modern societies, whose widespread degree of concern over environmental crises across local to planetary proportions. Environmental moralss, which has come into its ain by siting the crest of a moving ridge of popular concern over human impacts on the environment, therefore finds itself in a really hard place to present any conceptually satisfactory manner out of this tangled we b. Geographers are showing an increasing involvement in environmental moralss ( Proctor, 1998 ) . Nowadays, we seen many environmental issues caused by assorted factors which are really familiar to us and it happens every twenty-four hours in our life universe. As we already cognizant of, three chief facet of environment is land, H2O and air. These constituents are interrelated to each other in fulfilment of human basic demands. The importance of natural environment to the human existences became less precedence because of the humans’ wants is transcending their demands in these modern yearss. This survey will light the significance of environmental moralss, environmental current issues and its impact. The treatment will be on the non-prudential dimensions of planetary environmental personal businesss and explains how a focal point on the manner humans mistreat each other can function as a cardinal ethical focal point for apprehension and turn toing environmental unfairness. Overall, it aims to supply a vocabulary for progressing an anthropocentricity [ 1 ] esthesia toward planetary environmental ethical concern.AimThe aims of this survey are to accomplish understanding on:The significance of environmental moralss.The currents issues related to environmental moralss.Eco-tourism and environmental impacts issues.ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICSEnvironmentcan be defined as â€Å"theamountsum of all milieus of a life being, includingnatural forcesand other life things, whichprovide conditionsfordevelopmentand growing every bit good as ofdangerandharm † andmoralsscan be defined as â€Å"the basicconstructsandcardinal rulesof nice homobehavior. It includessurveyof cosmopolitanvaluessuch as the indispensable equality of allwork forcesand adult females, human ornatural rights, obeisance to thejurisprudenceofland,concernforwellnessandsafetyand, progressively, besides for thenatural environment † ( â€Å" BusinessDictionary.com – Online Business Dictionary, † 2015 ) . Environmental moralss is concept and exercising about proper apprehensiveness aimed at, rules in, and duties refering the natural universe. By traditional accounts, moralss is people associating to people in justness and love. Environmental moralss starts with human concerns for a quality environment, and some think this shapes the ethic from start to complete. Others hold that, beyond inter-human concerns, values are at interest when worlds relate to animate beings, workss, species and ecosystems. Harmonizing to their vision, worlds ought to happen nature sometimes morally considerable in itself, and this turns moralss in new waies. ( Nicholas Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James, 2003, p. 517 ) . In the other point of position, Brennan ( 2011 ) enlightened the environmental moralss as the subject in doctrine that surveies the moral relationship of human existences to, and besides the value and moral position of, the environment and its nonhuman contents. Equally far as I concerned, there were many inquiries can be discussed on environmental issues raised by Nicholas Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James ( 2003, p. 529 ) . In order to reply those inquiries, assorted surveies could been conducted to seek findings on environmental moralss affairs sing relation on worlds, moral and responsibilities, civilization and nature, natural and societal contract, animate being public assistance. In other words, is the relation between homo and natural environment. As mentioned, planetary environmental moralss is still in its beginning. Much of the work that does be, unsurprisingly, extends the critical statements about anthropocentricity to the international sphere. Anthropocentricism abounds the universe over and, to the grade that it is responsible for harmful environmental patterns, it deserves unfavorable judgment. Wapner and Matthew ( 2009, p. 205 ) besides mentioned that the environmental moralss as a subject has focused on the manner humans treat the natural universe. It is by and large acknowledged that people care less about animate beings, rivers, workss, and mountains than they do about themselves and each other, and therefore it is no surprise that they exploit or otherwise abuse nature. Much environmental moralss attempts to calculate out why this is the instance and what can be done about it.Environmental ETHICS ISSUESThere are many environmental moralss issues occurred all over the universe. However, this survey will merely conc entrate on three sets of chief issues. The designated sets are as follows:First is the issue of natural resources.The 2nd issue will be discussed with sinks.The 3rd set of issue is the transmutation of landscapes and ecosystems.Issues of Natural ResourcesWorlds desire a quality environment, basking the comfortss of nature ; wildlife and wild flowers, scenic positions, topographic points of purdah every bit good as the trade goods such as lumber, H2O, dirt, natural resources. Supporting environmental wellness and a quality environment can surely be counted as responsibilities within a societal contract ( Nicholas Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James, 2003 ) . Resource usage can easy overshoot the earth’s regenerative capacity. Since environmentalism’s early yearss, people have worried that we will run out of things we depend on, such as oil, fresh H2O, and minerals ( Ehrlich, 1975 ) . All natural resources are present infinite measures, and this includes the renewable ( organic ) every bit good as non-renewable. The difference is that while the non-renewable resources are finite in an absolute sense, the measure of organic resources is finite comparative to the population dependant upon it ( Antonsen, 1974, p. 180 ) .Energy.Energy became a universe issue and since future development. The chances of the supply and monetary value of natural energy particularly oil ignite the mentality for other types of primary energy every bit good in hereafter. Harmonizing to recent surveies, it is estimated yet proven universe militias of rough oil Ate sufficient to fulfill world’s demand to around twelvemonth 2020. In the other manus, natural gas besides had a great demand and became every bit of import as oil. The future monetary value of uranium supplies depends on the development of atomic power in general ( Ray, 1986, p. 56 ) . Food.Hunger is a deterioration job. Every state tries to cut down hungriness and poorness of their people therefore taking towards economic system prosperity. Shepherd ( 2012, p. 197 ) arose on the issue lies with the institutional agreements that dictate who gets what. As we are all concerned, nutrient is a trade good that is produced and sold for net income. Notwithstanding smallholder husbandmans, the huge bulk of planetary nutrient trade is controlled by corporations ( 3rd party ) whose primary aim is the coevals of net income.

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve probably heard of a double major, but have you heard of a dual degree? In a dual degree program, you’ll study two academic fields at once, earn you two separate degrees. Below, we explain what a dual degree is and show you several examples of the different types of dual degree programs available. We also go over the pros and cons of getting a dual degree, and give you tips to help you decide whether a dual degree is right for you. Feature Image: COD Newsroom/Flickr What Is a Dual Degree? Overview A dual degree, or double degree, is when you study two, usually very different, fields at the same time and receive two separate degrees (one per discipline). For example, if you studied psychology and business in a dual degree program, you’d graduate with two degrees (that is, two diplomas): a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology and a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA). Dual degrees typically confertwo different types of degrees, such as a BA/BS combo, a BS/BFA, a BS/BBA, etc. (Some dual degree programs will award you an undergraduate bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree- we’ll talk more about these types of programs in a moment.) In addition, the two fields of study in a dual degree program are usually housed in two different schools at the university. As a result, those wanting to pursue a dual degree typically must apply and get admitted to both schools individually. The deadline by when you must apply for admission will vary depending on the university. Dual degrees require more credits than single degrees. The total number of credits you’ll need will depend on the university you attend and whether it uses the semester or quarter system. But generally speaking, you’ll need anywhere from 140 to 225 credits to graduate. Finally, because you’re working on two degrees simultaneously and need more credits than you would for a single degree, you’ll very likely need to spend more time in college, often five to six years. This also means you’ll be spending more money on your college education since you’ll have to pay for additional courses/credits, books, housing, etc. How Does a Dual Degree Differ From a Double Major? You might be wondering how a dual degree differs from a double major. After all, both academic options allow you to study two fields at once, right? While that’s true, the two paths are actually quite different from each other. In a dual degree program, you're studying two (likely different) fields in order to earn two separate degrees. These are usually different types of degrees, too, such as a BA and a BS. However, with a double major, you're studying two related fields to earna single degree. This also means that you're receiving just one type of degree, such as a BA, BS, BFA, etc. Essentially,a double major is when you’re studying two fields in one degree program, and a dual degree is when you’re studying two fields in two separate degree programs. This is the biggest difference between a dual degree and a double major- but there are many more ways to distinguish the two options. For example, with double majors, a student's two majors are often housed in the same school or college and will grant you the same type of degree, such as a BS or BFA. In addition, a double major doesn’t typically require extra coursework (or at least not as much as a dual degree program does!) and can normally be completed within four years. You can read more about the similarities and differences between double majors and dual degrees in our in-depth dual degree vs double major guide. You'll get two of these when you graduate from a dual degree program. What Kinds of Dual Degree Programs Are There? Because there’s such a big array of majors and fields you can combine for a dual degree, it can be difficult to determine how many types of dual degree programs there actually are. The easiest way to categorize them is to look at them by the types of degrees they confer. We can therefore say that there are three main types of dual degree programs: Programs that confer two bachelor’s degrees Programs that confer a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree Programs that confer two graduate/professional degrees We look at each of these in more detail below. #1: Programs That Confer Two Bachelor’s Degrees This type of dual degree program, which awards two bachelor’s degrees, is fairly common and available at many universities in the US. With this program, you could earn any combination of bachelor’s degrees. Here are some of the most common bachelor's degrees conferred in undergraduate dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) Bachelor of Music (BM) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) As stated previously, the two bachelor’s degrees you choose to get in your dual degree program will most likely be based in different schools, so you’ll typically need to apply and be admitted to both schools in order to do the program. Not every university offers dual degree programs, so check with your university before you decide you want to do a dual degree. In addition, the options for dual degrees will vary depending on the university, so be sure that the specific combo of degrees you want is available at your school. The period during which you may apply for a dual degree program will vary depending on the university. Some schools allow you to apply for a dual degree before you even start college, whereas others will only let you apply after you’ve been in college for at least a year or two. The following chart lists some examples of popular universities offering dual degree programs that confer two bachelor's degrees: University Bachelor’s Degree Combos Offered Notes Boston University BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BFA, BS/BM Credit requirements vary. Open to specific major combos only. Brown University BA/BS Minimum 38 credits and 10 semesters (five years). Cornell University BA/BS in Engineering, BA/BFA in Art, BA/BS in Urban and Regional Studies Minimum 150 credits. Open to specific major combos only. Northwestern University BA/BS, BA/BM For BA/BS program, minimum 12 quarters and 42 credits. For BA/BM program, minimum 60 courses. Stanford University BA/BS Minimum 225 credits. University of Alabama BA/BS Minimum 30 additional credit hours. University of Denver BA/BS, BA/BFA, BS/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BM, BFA/BM, etc. Minimum 228 quarter hours. Many combinations of bachelor’s degrees possible. University of Maryland, Baltimore County BA/BA, BS/BS, BA/BS Minimum 150 credits. Note that combinations of same degree types are possible. University of Michigan BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BMA*, BA/BTA**, etc. Credit requirements vary. May choose an established program or create own. University of Notre Dame BA/BS Generally requires 45 additional credit hours. Five-year program. *BMA = Bachelor of Musical Arts **BTA = Bachelor of Theatre Arts Getting a master's degree = getting to wear a cool, colorful hood. (Illinois Springfield/Flickr) #2: Programs That Confer a Bachelor’s and a Master’s Degree The second type of dual degree program rewards you with a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree, usually within five to six years. This program differs from the one described above in that you get to do graduate-level coursework while taking undergraduate classes. Upon graduation, you’ll receive both a bachelor’s degree anda master's degree. (With some dual degree programs, you’ll get your undergraduate degree first and then your graduate degree a year or so later.) These dual bachelor's/master's programs are popular because they can save you both time and money when it comes to a graduate-level education. Instead of having to finish your bachelor’s degree and then apply for a master’s, you can work on both degrees at the same time. This usually means you can have some classes count toward bothdegrees. Here are some of the most common types of bachelor’s and master’s degrees combined in dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Engineering (ME) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Administration (MPA) Master of Business Administration (MBA) The chart below shows some examples of popular bachelor’s/master’s dual degree programs: University Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Combos Offered Notes American University Varies Must have earned at least 75 credits in order to apply. Boston University BA/MA, BA/MS 144-160 credits required (varies depending on program). The George Washington University Varies Offers both joint programs (in which you earn both degrees at the same time) and dual programs (in which you earn your degrees at different times). Harvard University Liberal arts degrees (BA, BS, MA, MS, etc.) Limited to those with "at least five years of full-time, paid, professional work experience." Johns Hopkins University BS/MS in Engineering All students enrolled are awarded a half-tuition Dean’s Master’s Fellowship. New York University BA/MPA, BA/MUP*, BS/MUP Must be majoring in public administration or urban planning. Northwestern University Varies "Limited to certain degree programs within the University." Must submit a combined degree application to admitting program. Rochester Institute of Technology BS/MS, BS/ME, MBA Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Chicago BA/MA, BA/MAT**, BA/MPP, BA/MS, BS/MS Four- and five- year programs available. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Georgia BS/MS, Engineering/MBA, BBA/MAcc*** Limited to specific fields of study. *MUP = Master of Urban Planning **MAT = Master of Arts in Teaching ***MAcc = Master of Accountancy #3: Programs That Confer Two Graduate/Professional Degrees The third and final type of dual degree program is one that confers only graduate degrees. These can be a combination of two different master’s degrees or a master’s and a professional or doctoral degree. For example, several law schools offer dual degree programs so that students can earn a master’s or doctoral degree (usually in a field in which they want to practice law) along with their Juris Doctor (JD). While many universities offer formal dual degree graduate programs that dictate which programs/fields you can earn your two graduate degrees in, others allow students to create their own graduate-level dual degree programs. Here are some common graduate and professional degrees that can be combined in dual degree programs: Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Health (MPH) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) Master of Social Work (MSW) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Juris Doctor (JD) Doctor of Medicine (MD) Some of the most common degree combinations include MA/PhD, MS/PhD, MA/JD, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, and MPH/MD.Below are some examples of popular graduate-level dual degree programs: University Graduate Degree Combos Offered Notes Georgetown University Master’s/Master’s, MBA/Master’s, Master’s/JD, PhD/JD, Master’s/PhD, Master’s/MD, PhD/MD Limited to specific fields of study. Rutgers University Several combinations with JD, including MD, MA, MBA, MPH, PhD, MSW, etc. "A law student may create a dual-degree with another graduate degree offered by Rutgers or another institution." Stanford University JD/MBA, MA/MBA, MPP/MBA, MS/MBA, MD/MBA Credit requirements vary depending on program. Suffolk University MBA/JD, LLM*/JD, MPA/JD, MS/JD Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements and length of program vary. University of Arizona MAcc/MBA, MS/MS, MS/MBA, MS/JD, MA/JD, PhD/PhD, PhD/MD, PhD/JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. "Students cannot invent their own dual degrees." University of Cincinnati MBA/MS, MBA/MA, MBA/MSN**, JD/MA, JD/MBA, JD/PhD, etc. "The applicant must be accepted by both programs." University of Colorado Boulder MA/MBA, MS/MBA, MA/MA, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, JD/MD, MS/JD, JD/MPA, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Illinois Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MArch, MBA, MPH, MSW, JD, PhD, MD, etc. "A student who wishes to enter a joint degree program must be admitted separately to each program as a joint degree candidate." University of Michigan Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MPH, MPP, MUP, MBA, JD, PhD, MD, etc. Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Texas at Austin Master’s and professional degrees only; includes combos with MA, MS, MBA, MSE, JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. *LLM = Master of Laws **MSN = Master of Science in Nursing Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Pros and Cons of Dual Degree Programs Now that we’ve shown you what types of dual degree programs there are, let’s take a look at the biggest pros and cons of doing a dual degree program. Advantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’ll broaden your knowledge and skill sets. Perhaps the biggest benefit of a dual degree program is that you get to learn more and become an expert in more than one field of study. This can help you feel more fulfilled since you’ll be able to study both fields you’re interested in. You’ll have more choices in terms of potential career paths.Studying two fields equally means you’ll acquire lots of experience with and knowledge of them both. As a result, you'll have a higher number of relevant job options available to you after graduation. You’ll save money on a graduate degree. If you’re doing a combined bachelor’s/master's or graduate/graduate dual degree program, you’ll actually be saving money on what you would have spent had you pursued each degree separately. This is because most dual degree programs allow (and encourage) overlapping classes- i.e., classes that count toward both of your degrees. Disadvantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’re spending more time in school without stopping. For some people, this factor alone can be a deal-breaker. With a dual degree program, regardless of the types of degrees you’re pursuing, you’ll be spending more time in school without the chance to take a break and fit in some work experience. You’re spending more money at once. Even though you’ll likely be saving money in the long run by getting a dual degree, you still have to spend a lot of money upfront for things such as credits, tuition, and housing. It might not increase your earning potential. While a dual degree can broaden your career prospects, it doesn’t necessarily guarantee you'll earn a higher income than if you’d opted for a single degree. However, this depends a lot on what fields you’re studying and what degrees you’re getting (for example, there’s a big difference between getting two BAs and getting a JD and a PhD!). An equation we can all relate to. Is a Dual Degree Right for You? 4 Key Questions to Consider When it comes down to it, is a dual degree the best option for you? Here are four critical questions to ask yourself to help you figure out whether or not you should pursue a dual degree. #1: Are You Equally Interested in Two (Different) Fields of Study? If you’re not equally passionate about both fields you plan to study, a dual degree might not be the best choice for you. Remember that with a dual degree, you’re studying your two chosen fields equally- after all, you’re earning a degree in each! If you’re more interested in one field than you are in the other you want to study, consider making the latter a secondary field of study. You could do this by declaring it as a minor instead of a major if you're an undergrad, or by taking or auditing some classes in it if you’re a (prospective) graduate student. #2: Are You OK With Staying in School Longer? A dual degree program means you’ll typically be staying in college or grad school at least an extra year or two depending on the program you're doing and the degree types you’re getting. Therefore, it’s important for you to determine whether you’d rather spend this time doing more school or going out into the world and doing other activities such as working or traveling. Remember that even if you decide to forego a graduate dual degree program for now, you can always enter a grad program in the future at a later date! #3: Will Money Be an Issue? If money might pose a problem for you, a dual degree might not be a good idea since it'll require a lot of money outright (even though it technically saves you money in the long run, especially if you’re earning a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree or two graduate degrees). #4: Do You Have a Clear Plan for Your Future? Dual degree programs are solid options for those who have a clear plan for their future career and occupational desires. For example, if you want to be a lawyer who specializes in Chinese law, a dual degree program that earns you a JD and an MA in Chinese Studies would be an ideal combo that perfectly suits your professional aspirations. On the other hand, if you’re not entirely sure what you want to do with a dual degree or what kind of career you want to have after graduation, it might not be worth devoting several years and a lot of money to such a program. Recall thata dual degree does not ensure a higher salary, so it’s important that you’re willing to weigh these risks before deciding to enroll in a dual degree program. Recap: What Is a Dual Degree and Should You Get One? Dual degree programs are academic programs that confer two degrees at the same time. This can be a combination of two bachelor’s degrees, a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, or two graduate/professional degrees. Since you’re studying two (different) fields and earning two separate degrees, you’ll need to stay in school longer- usually an extra one to two years for an undergraduate dual degree program. Dual degrees have both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, a dual degree lets you broaden your knowledge of two fields you’re equally passionate about, saves you money on grad school, and expands your career options. That being said, you will have to spend more time in school without a break and pay more money upfront for your education. A dual degree also won't necessarily increase your income potential. Ultimately, whether a dual degree is right for you depends on four main factors: Whether you’re equally interested in two (different) fields of study Whether you’re OK with staying in school for a longer period of time Whether money will pose a challenge for you Whether you have a clear plan for your future After reading this article, you should now have a much better idea of what a dual degree actually is and how it can benefit you. What’s Next? While you can get a dual degree that includes a Master of Arts in Teaching, is it necessary? Find out if you need a teaching degree in this article. A dual degree isn't the same as a double major. But just how are they different? Check out our extensive guide to dual degrees vs double majors to learn more about how the two options are different- and alike. Got questions about double majors instead? Then take a look at our expert guides on what a double major is and how you can get started on declaring one. Not sure what you want to major in? Don't worry! With our advice, you'll figure out what you should study as an undergrad in no time at all. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Give Thanks - Activities to Teach Your Students

Give Thanks - Activities to Teach Your Students Thanksgiving is the perfect time to teach students the importance of being grateful and giving thanks. Its very common for children to disregard the significance of the little things that go on in their daily life. For instance, being grateful for having food, because it keeps them alive, or being thankful for their house, because that means they have a roof over their head. Children tend to think of these things as everyday occurrences, and not realize the importance they have on their life. Take time this holiday season and require your students to think of every aspect of their lives and why they should be thankful. Provide them with the following activities to help them have a better understanding of why its important to be grateful, and how that can impact their life. A Simple Thank You Card Something as simple as making a homemade thank you card is a great way to teach students to be grateful for what they have received. Have students make a list of specific things that their parents do for them or things their parents make them do. For instance, I am thankful my parents go to work to make money so I can have food, clothes and all the basic necessities in life. or I am thankful my parents make me clean my room because they want me to live in a healthy environment and learn responsibility. After students have created their list of things they are thankful their parents do for them, have them choose a few phrases and write them in a thank you card. Brainstorming Ideas: I am thankful my parents make me do the dishes because that means we have food to survive.I am thankful my parents make me take care of my dog because that means my dog is happy.I am thankful my parents have a job because that means we have money to survive. Read a Story Sometimes reading your students a story can have a profound impact on how they view something. Choose any of the following books to show students the significance of being grateful. Books are a great way to open up the lines of communication and discuss this subject matter further. Book Ideas: The Firefighters Thanksgiving, by Maribeth BoeltsThanks for Thanksgiving, by Julie MarkesGiving Thanks, by Jake SwampGiving Thanks, by Sarah FischThanksgiving is for Giving Thanks, by Margaret SutherlandGrateful, by John Bucchino Write a Story A creative way to expand on one of the ideas listed above, is to write a story about why the students are thankful. Have students look over the list they created when they brainstormed for their thank you card, and choose one idea to expand into a story. For example, they can create a story centered around the idea that their parents work in order for them to survive. Encourage students to use their imagination and provide details from their real life, as well as ideas that they make up. Field Trip to a Shelter The best way for students to really be thankful for that they have in their life, is to show them what others do not have. A class field trip to a local food shelter will provide the students with the opportunity to see, that some people are thankful for just having food on their plate. After the field trip, discuss what they saw at the shelter, and make a chart about things students can do to help people in need. Discuss why they should be grateful for what they have, and how they can say thank you to the people that mean the most to them.

Case Management in the Psychiatric ICU-The Clinical Governance Essay

Case Management in the Psychiatric ICU-The Clinical Governance Perspective - Essay Example The word Clinical Governance derives its roots from Corporate Governance, which aims at ensuring sound business and financial management. The term Governance therefore has significance in clinical practice since it addresses concerns about quality of health (Lazare 1987). Department of Health (1999) defines Clinical Governance as, "a framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safe-guarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish". Clinical governance is aimed at improving the quality of clinical care at all levels of an organization by consolidating, codifying, and standardizing organizational policies and approaches, particularly clinical and corporate accountability (Scally & Donaldson, 1998). Clinical Governance is also explained as the ability to create an effective change in order to achieve improved quality of care. (O'Kelly,2003). It aims at ensuring that standards are adhered to and processes are mapped for continuous quality improvement Natalie Jones (2004). Its focus is on providing holistic care to patients and more than a structure, it is an ideology to be adopted and implemented by healthcare organizations. 1. There are seven key principles, commonly referred to as the seven pillars supporting Clinical Governance (Camden 2004;,South Leeds, 2005). These are explained below: 1. Clinical Audit: This refers to adherence of nationally set standards for clinical care by National Service Framework (NSF), and those set by the organization locally. Clinical audit also involves sharing information with others in the healthcare industry for benchmarking and exchange of best practices. Department of Health, Government of Western Autralia, n.d.) points out that "Clinical audit is the cyclical process of reviewing clinical performance, refining practice as a result and measuring the outcomes against agreed standards. Part of good clinical practice for generations, audit is practised at a number of levels, from regular morbidity and mortality reviews through to national studies. There are many successful examples of its application, such as the national audit of stroke, undertaken in the UK". 2. Clinical Effectiveness: Ensuring that patients get the right treatment is assurance of clinical effectiveness. This implies using evidence based medicine and keeping abreast with latest updates in medicine. 3. Patient and Public Involvement: Clinical governance emphasizes user participation. Patient's feedback to the service provided is an important precursor to quality improvement. 4. Risk Management : Optimum processes for service delivery is essential in minimizing risks to both patient and staff . Reporting of errors and lapses is a crucial step in risk management since it controls future errors. And though clinical governance places importance on robust systems to control lapses, it also recognizes that clinicians are human beings and can make errors. Recognizing the human element as an integral aspect of healthcare delivery gives great strength and wide acceptance to the concept of clinical governance. 5. Staffing and Staff Management: Encouraging teamwork and helping

IP4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP4 - Essay Example Pioch (2002) described the era as associated with religious art. Baroque period is characterized by vigorous movement and emotional intensity associated with Baroque art in its primary meaning. Much Hellenistic sculpture could therefore be described as `baroque'. The older meaning of the word means `capricious', `overwrought' or `florid' (Pioch, 2002). Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci are the two great figures who stand at the head of the Baroque tradition, bringing a new solidity and weightiness to Italian painting, which in the late 16th century has generally been artificial and often convoluted in style (Pioch, 2002). The two artists are considered to have their own style in which Annibale's work has an exuberance that is completely his own, and Caravaggio created figures with an unprecedented sense of sheer physical presence (Pioch, 2002). These two major artists have great influences of their own and fusing these influences, the Baroque area arose (Pioch, 2002). Baroque artists inherited from the mannerist style the movement and fervent emotion and solidity and grandeur from Rennaisance style (Pioch, 2002). The Deposition from the Cross is an artwork made by oil in canvas. This is considered one of the greatest works of Caravaggio. In this artwork, the artist did not really portray the Burial or Deposition in the conventional way.

Compare and contrast the Right to Remain Silent in the US and the UK Essay

Compare and contrast the Right to Remain Silent in the US and the UK - Essay Example On March 13th 1963 Ernesto Miranda was arrested in Arizona and taken to the Phoenix Police Station where he was then identified by the complaint-filing witness. Without being notified of his rights, Miranda was led into the interrogation room and questioned by police officers. In two hour’s time the officers had succeeded in obtaining a written and signed confession from Miranda. The signed statement claimed he signed it â€Å"with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me.† When the case went to trial the prosecution used Miranda’s statement of confession against him and despite objections from the defense, the judge allowed for the confession to be admitted as evidence. Miranda appealed and the Supreme Court of Arizona ruled his rights were not violated because Miranda never requested council to be present during questioning. Miranda’s case went before the Supreme Court who acknowledged Miranda was never informed of his right to council or the right he had not to â€Å"be compelled to incriminate himself.† The Supreme Court ruled since Miranda did not have full knowledge of his rights all statements made by Miranda were inadmissible in court since they were not legally received. Furthermore the Supreme Court justified that since interrogation is intimidating, a suspect must first be given their rights to lessen the intimidation they experience. The Miranda Rights must be read before a suspect is to be questioned or interrogated in any way. The Miranda rights are read as followed: â€Å"You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions. Do you understand? Anything you do say can and will be used against you in a court of law. Do you understand? You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future. Do you understand? If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appoint ed for you before any questioning if you wish. Do you understand? If you do decide to answer questions now without an attorney present you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney. Do you understand? Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?† (essortment.com) The 5th Amendment to the US Constitution’s Bill of Rights is â€Å"No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself or be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.† The 6th Amendment Right to Counsel Clause coincides with the 5th intricately and was instituted in 1964 from the case of Escobedo vs. Illinois by the Supreme Court’s insistence that police allow council to be present during questioning. â€Å"In all criminal proceedings, the accused shall enjoy the right to have the assistance of counsel for h is defense.† (flexyourrights.org). In historic times, such a notion as the right to silence did not exist. In the 18th century English Criminal procedure made it impossible for a suspect of a crime to protect themselves from self-incrimination. Common law refused a criminal the right to be defended by a lawyer therefore persons suspected of a crime had little choice but to speak for themselves because no one else was going to. Refusal to speak and answer questions was quite the same

Physical Exertion Affect Bone Growth Health And Social Care Essay

Physical Exertion Affect Bone Growth Health And Social Care Essay Compact bone is hard due to mineral deposits of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (calcium and phosphorus). This bone consists of tightly packed osteons or haversian systems and many layers with few gaps on this tissue therefore it is dense and hard. The hard minerals and flexible collagen makes bone strong. Each osteon consist of concentric layers of hard mineralized matrix (concentric lamellae). Bones consist mainly of calcium. Calcium is important it is a cofactor for enzyme function, in maintaining cell membranes, in muscle contraction, nervous system functions, and in blood clotting. When the diet does not provide a sufficient amount of calcium, it is released from the bones, and when there is too much calcium in the body, it is stored in the bones. Vitamin D is important for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine. Vitamin D is found in foods such as eggs, milk and other dairy products. Vitamin D forms from a substance (dehydrocholesterol) produced by cells in the digestive tract or obtained in the diet. Dehydrocholesterol is carried by the blood to the skin, it is converted to a compound that becomes vitamin D. Skin helps to manufacture vitamin D from ultraviolet light, which is important to normal bone growth and development. The organic substances of bone give it a certain degree of flexibility. The inorganic portion of bone is made from mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, magnesium phosphate, sodium oxide, and sodium chloride. These minerals give bone its hardness and durability. The bone became brittle and elastic due to loss of calcium. In rickets condition bones become soft, brittle due to lack of calcification, causing deformities as bowlegs. In the absence of this vitamin, calcium is poorly absorbed, and the inorganic salt portion of bone matrix lacks calcium causing bone deformities. In children, this condition is called rickets, and in adults, it is called osteomalacia. Vitamin A is important for osteoblast and osteoclast activity during normal development. The deficiency of vitamin A may retard bone development. Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis. If osteoblasts produce less collagen in the intercellular material of the bone tissue this deficiency will make bones fragile. Bone adapts to changing stresses and forces. When muscles increase and become more powerful due to exercise, the corresponding bones also become thicker and stronger through stimulation of osteoblasts. Regular exercise maintains normal bone structure. Bones which are not subjected to normal stresses, such as an injured leg immobilized in a cast, quickly degenerate. Without exercise the bone tissue becoming thinner and weaker (atrophy). 2. How do the relative proportions of the cranium and face of a fetus compare with those of the adult skull? The skull consists of two sets of bones: cranial and the facial bones. The soft spots of a babys skull are areas of incompletely ossified bones called fontanels. The bones of the skull are connected by fibrous, pliable, connective tissue at birth. The flexibility of these connections allows the skull bones to move and overlap as the infant passes through the birth canal. The fontanels begin to close about two months after birth. The largest of the fontanels, the frontal fontanel located on the top of the skull, does not close until 18 to 24 months of age. Cranial bones are thin and slightly curved. During infancy, these bones are held together by an irregular band of connective tissue called a suture. As the child grows, this connective tissue ossifies and turns into hard bone. The frontal bone and mandible are separate right and left bones but fuse medially by age 5 or 6. In newborn, face is flat and the cranium is large. The brain grows faster than the rest of body meaning the head is larger than body, and in adults the head is smaller than body. The infants cranium is big comparing to its face, have two openings called fontanels, the bones of the skull consist of four plates that are not fused 3. How does the shape of the joint impact its ability to move? Some joints are very flexible, allowing movement, while others are strong, providing protection of the internal tissues and organs, but do not permit movement. The fibrous joints are mostly immovable. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. Sutures provide protection for the brain and are only found in the adult skull. They are immovable joints. A syndesmoses joint is a joint where the bones do not touch each other and are held together by fibrous connective tissue. A gosphosis joint is composed of peg and socket. A synarthrosis joint is immovable. An amphiarthrosis joint is slightly movable. A diarthrosis joint is a freely movable joint. The movable joints consist of three main parts: articular cartilage, a bursa (joint capsule), and a synovial (joint) cavity. Functional Category Structural Category Example Synarthrosis (immovable joints) Fibrous Suture Gomphosis Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Between bones of adult skull Between teeth and jaw Epithyseal cartilages Amphiarthrosis (little movement) Fibrous Syndesmosis Cartilaginous Symphysis Between the tibia and fibula Between right and left public bones of pelvis Between adjacent vertebral bodies along vertebral column Diarthrosis (free movement) Synovial Elbow, ankle, ribs, wrist, shoulder, hip Type of Joint Type of Movement Example Planar Gliding Joints between carpals and tarsals Hinge Flexion and extension Elbow, knee, and ankle Pivot Rotation Atlantoaxial joint (between first and second vertebrae) Condyloid Abduction and adduction Wrist joint Saddle Flexion, extension, metacarpal abduction, adduction Carpometacarpal joint (between bone of thumb and carpal bone of wrist) circumduction Ball-and-Socket Rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction Shoulder and hip joints 4. Why is articular cartilage important? The articular cartilage covers and protects the bone ends. The articular cartilage also acts as a shock absorber. The articular capsule encloses the joint structure. Articular cartilage is a highly organized avascular tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded within an extracellular matrix of collagens, proteoglycans and noncollagenous proteins. Its primary function is to enable the smooth articulation of joint surfaces, and to cushion compressive, tensile and shearing forces. The articular cartilage is a layer of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage has one of the lowest coefficients of friction known for any surface to surface contact. The synovial fluid and cartilages make joint movements friction-free. Case Study: Fractured leg Chief Complaint: 14-year-old girl admitted with a broken left leg. History: Nicole Michaelson, a 14-year-old girl, was skiing when she fell and broke her left leg. As she fell, her left leg got caught under the body of another skier who ran into her. An X-ray revealed that the fracture was a compound, tibial-fibular fracture just below the knee. The X-ray also revealed a torn meniscal cartilage in the knee above the fracture. The girl remained in the hospital for 14 days because of an infection of the leg in the area of skin breakage. Her immobilized leg was casted after the infection subsided. She remained in a full leg-length cast for 3 months, after which the upper portion of the cast was removed and she was allowed to start bearing weight on the leg. The bones ultimately healed, but the girl continued to have left knee swelling (water on the knee) and pain made worse by walking. Arthroscopic examination of the knee revealed a meniscus that was still torn 6 months after her injury. Questions 1. What does the term tibial-fibular fracture mean? It is a fracture of both the tibia and fibula in the lower leg below the knee. 2. What is a compound fracture? When fracture occurs, there is swelling due to injury and bleeding tissues. A compound fracture is where the broken bone ends pierce and protrude through the skin. This cause infection of the bone and neighboring tissues. The process of restoring bone is done through three methods: closed reduction, open reduction, and traction. 3. Why was her injury more likely to become infected than a routine fracture of the leg? Nicole has an open/compound fracture where the broken bone ends pierce and protrude through the skin. This can cause infection of the bone and neighboring tissues since the skin is normally colonized with bacteria. The infections of osseous tissue are difficult to treat. 4. Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand lateral stress without breaking. The lateral stress placed on Nicoles left tibia and fibula causing: 1. Stretching/tearing on the side opposite of the impact The bony collar withstands tearing apart by vertically arranged bundles of tough collagen in the extracellular matrix of bone. This collagen is lined up in a spiraling vertical pattern in which the fibers in each lamella are perpendicular to those in adjacent lamellae. 2. Compression of the bone on the side of impact The bony collar have a stress on lateral impact. It withstands the pressure/stress/crushing by tough hydroxyapatite crystals in its extracellular matrix. These hydroxyapatite crystals serve as weight-bearing pillars for the bone. They arranged in layers within the osteons (Haversian systems) of compact bone. The middle area (medullary cavity) is filled with red and yellow bone marrow. The tough compact bone is not needed in the middle therefore compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out in mid-way through the bone. 5. Describe the microscopic features of the osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking The bony collar of long bones helps to support the weight of the body and withstand compressive stress. Epiphysis a spongy bone tissue is spherical in shape and is located at both the distal and proximal end of a long bone. Spongy bone tissue consists of an irregular latticework of thin needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae. The spongy bone in the epiphyses helps withstand compressive forces, it is well designed to pass on strength to a bone by adding minimum weight. The trabeculae develops along the bones line of stress, and help to distribute the weight of the body out to the bony collar of the diaphysis. Diaphysis is the long, cylindrical, hollow shaft of the bone. Trabeculae distributes the weight evenly. 6. What features of the knee joint structure help minimize friction between the thighbone and the leg bone? When two movable bones meet at a joint, their surfaces do not touch one another. The tow articular joint surfaces are covered with a smooth, slippery cap of cartilage known as articular cartilage. This cartilage helps to absorb shocks and prevent friction between parts. Enclosing two articular surfaces of the bone is a tough, fibrous connective tissue capsule called an articular capsule. Lining the articular capsule is a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity. Synovial joints are type of joint in the body, permitting the greatest range of movement. The knee joint is an examples of synovial joints. The synovial joint consists of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, a fibrous articular capsule, and ligaments. The lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) in the capsule secreted into joint cavities. This fluid reduces the friction between the tibia and femur during extension and flexion of the knee. The synovial fluid secreted serves as a lubricant to prev ent friction between a tendon and a bone. The articualr surfaces of the tibia and femur are covered with smooth hyaline cartilage. This cartilage reduces friction between the bones. The medial and lateral menisci (fibrocrtilage) that locates on top of the tibial surface. On the distal surface of the femur the shape of lateral condyles and medial match the shapes of the menisci, this match shape stabilizes the knee joint and gives a shock absorbing function during weight-bearing. 7. Describe the changes a broken bone undergoes as it is healing. Healing process stages: A. Hematoma (fracture hematoma-blood clot) and granulation tissue forms- when bone breaks, blood leaks out of the veins and forms a clot (fracture hematoma). This helps to keep both pieces lined up for mending and stabilize the bone. B. Soft callus forms 1. fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate in from the periosteum and endosteum (takes 1st 3 to 4 weeks) 2. fibroblasts lay down a collagen matrix, some of the fibroblasts (osteogenic cells) differentiate into chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells) and produce patches of fibrocartilage (soft callus) C. Hard callus osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy bone to join the broken ends or bone fragments together, forming a bulge which is wider than the after the injury. It takes 4 to 6 weeks for a hard callus to form. The broken bone is immobilized by cast to prevent reinjury. D. Remodeling Osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to connect the gap between the broken ends. As the patient starts to use the bone (weight bearing), the bone starts to remodel along lines of maximal stress (requires the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts) hard callus remodeled bone (the fracture leaves a slight thickening of the bone it is shows up on an X-ray). 8. How does weight bearing influence the bone repair process you described above? (i.e. what effect does weight-bearing have on the orientation of the Haversian systems?) Wolffs law is a hypothesis related to the effect of weight-bearing on bone remodeling. This law states that bone grows and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed upon it, therefore the bone adapts to withstand those stresses. The bone locates along lines of maximal stress. The reasons are: 1). long bones are the thickest midway down the diaphysis, since the stresses are the greatest in this location. 2). curved bones are the thickest where they are most likely to buckle 3). the bony plates in spongy bone for weight-bearing 4). large bony processes are located where muscles attach to/pull on bone The Haversian systems in bones locates along the lines of maximal stress. If persons exercise activities change, the microscopic structure of bones change. High-heeled shoes transfer the balanced distribution of the weight of the body form between the calcaneus (the heel bone) and the matatarsals (bones in the ball of the foot) to just the metatarsals. As a result, the arches of the foot do not absorb the force of the bodys weight, which may lead to injuries of the soft tissue structures, joints, and bones. Also, if woman wears flat shoe most of the time she will undergo a bone remodelling if she will start to wear high-heeled shoes. Fibular grafts can be used in remodelling process to replace arm bones due to medical condition such as cancer or some other injuries. If patient have had the mid-portion of his/her tibia removed, it can be replaced with fibular graft. The patient with such replacement will be able to do a weight-bearing on the graft. 9. Why did Nicoles bones heal much more quickly than her cartilage? Nicoles bones heal faster than her cartilage due to high vascularity. Bone contains of many blood vessels which allows a good blood supply and cartilage contains very few blood vessels (poor blood supply). The materials for healing move rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells. Cartilage receives its nutrients indirectly though diffusion from neighboring tissues and synocial fluid. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts repair and reshape the bone in faster rate. Osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to connect the gap between the broken ends. Tendons and ligaments blood supply is between bone and cartilage. Tendons and ligaments heal faster than cartilage but slower than bone. The six month after Nicoles injury her meniscus was still damaged, torn meniscal cartilage should be removed via arthroscopic surgery.